Topics A-J

What is all matter made of

particles

Solid arrangement

Regular, fixed pattern

Solid movement

Particles vibrate around a fixed position

Solid energy

Least energy

Liquid arrangement

close together, random arrangement

Liquid movement

Flow freely, restricted by force

Liquid energy

Increased energy

Gas arrangement

Far apart, random, free

Gas movement

Free, unrestricted

Gas energy

High kinetic energy

Solid to gas

sublimation

Gas to solid

deposition

In a cooling curve, what does the horizontal line mean

Change of state

Temperature during change of state

Stays the same

Element

a simple substance formed by one type of atom

Compound

more than one type of atom chemically bonded together

Pure

one type of element or compound, same in all parts of a substance

Mixture

2 or more different substances not chemically bonded together, can be separated by physical processes

Diatonic molecule

A molecule consisting of two atoms

Process to separate a liquid and insoluble solid

Filter, dry

Process to separate liquid and one soluble solid

Evaporation, crystallisation

Process to separate liquid and multiple soluble solids

Chromatography

Process to separate liquids with close boiling points

Fractional distillation

Process to separate liquid with different boiling points

Simple distillation

Saturated

When no more solute can dissolve in a solution

Solubility

The ability to dissolve in another substance

Solute

The substance which dissolves in a solution

Solution

The name for a mixture of a solute and a solvent

pure substance melts

At a single, fixed point

Solvent

A liquid which dissolves a solute

Solute + solvent \=

solution

To separate a solute from a solution

Crystallisation

How crystallisation

Solvent evaporates to form saturated

cools down

Difference between chemical and physical change

Reversibility

What does chromatography separate

Mixtures of soluble substances

3 purposes of chromatography

Distinguish between pure and impure

identify substances through resulting pattern

Rf value

Mobile phase is

solvent

what is the stationary phase?

Chromatography paper

What is the solvent front

Where the water stops moving

The colour highest up in chromatography is the

Most soluble

Rf value \=

Distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent

Exothermic

releases energy

Endothermic

Absorbs heat

Simple distillation separates

A solvent from a solution

In distillation, what is the point of anti

bumping granuals

Condenser

Tube surrounded by cold water

Fractional distillation separates

Liquids with similar boiling points

Why do we use pencils to mark the baseline

Graphite isn't soluble

What would happen is we used tap water in experiments

Anomalies

purifying water 7 steps

Screening

sedementation

coagulation

filter

pH and Chlorination

distribute

our taps

Purifying water screening

Remove large objects

Purifying water sedimentation

Solids sink

Purifying water Filtration

Very small particles are removed

Purifying water coagulation

Clump dirt together

Purifying water ph and Chlorination

Check and Kill bacteria and viruses

Dalton's Atomic Theory (4)

Atoms are the smallest part of a substance that can exist

atoms do not carry an overall charge

atoms cannot be created or destroyed

atoms are the same in an element

Proton charge

+1

Proton relative mass

1

neutron charge

0

Neutron relative mass

1

Electron charge

Electron relative mass

1/1840

Relative mass is

Average mass

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Relative formula mass

The sum of the relative atomic masses of the elements

Relative atomic mass

Mean mass of the neutron, taking into account all of the isotopes

Did everyone order the elements by atomic mass and properties

Yes

what did mendeleev do differently

Gaps for undiscovered

predict

not always atomic mass order

How do we order the elements different to mendeleev

Increasing Atomic number, not mass

Rows

Periods

Coloumns

Groups

Ar \=

(% x isotope) / 100

Group 1

alkali metals

Group 2

alkaline earth metals

Group 3

12

Group 7 /17

Halogens

Group 8/18

noble gases

Qualities of non

metals (4)

dull colour

don't conduct

low bpt

Ion

Atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

Positive ions are

cations

Negative ions are

anions

Inurt

Unreactive

Charges of compounds

None