AP Psychology: Unit Two Part Two Vocabulary

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (temp and wakefulness) that occur on a 24

REM sleep

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the context and later difficulties remembering it

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

wish fulfillment theory

dream theory: dreams provide a "psychic safety valve"

information processing theory

dream theory: dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories

physiological function

dream theory: regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

activation synthesis theory

dream theory: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

cognitive development

dream theory: dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

24 hour biological clock (circadian rhythm) 90 minute sleep cycle

2 biological rhythms

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of grain-of-rice sized, 20,000-cell clusters in the hypothalamus; causes the brain's pineal gland to decrease/increase production of melatonin

light sensitive retinal proteins

control the circadian clock by triggering signals to SCN

melatonin

sleep inducing hormone; increased in evening

light

________ disrupts our 24 hour biological clock

REM sleep

PARADOXICAL SLEEP because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

EEG (electroencephalograph)

measure brain wave activity; eye movements and muscle tension by electrodes that pick up weak electrical signals from the brain, eye, and facial muscles

stage 1

sleep stage: transition sleep; HALLUCINATIONS, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic, slow breathing, irregular brain waves

stage 2

sleep stage: onset true sleep; SLEEP SPINDLES; muscle tension, respiration, heart rate, body temp go down, eyes move slowly side to side

stage 3/4

sleep stage: slow wave sleep; DELTA WAVES; hormones released; deepest sleep; restora true sleep

stage 4

sleep stage: sleepwalking, sleeptalking, night terrors

protects; recuperate; make memories; creative thinking; growth process

5 sleep theories

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

hypnotic ability/susceptibility

ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities

expect

anyone can experience hypnotic responsiveness, if led to _______ it

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

dissociation; divided consciousness theory

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

gullibility

if an experimenter eliminates motivation for acting hypnotized subjects become unresponsive tests...

social influence theory

subjects willingly comply with a social role; they WANT to be hypnotized and EXPECT it will work

imagination; hallucination

in a hypnotized brain, ____________ becomes _____________

selective attention

hypnosis reduces brain activity in a region that processes painful stimuli

social influence; divided consciousness

2 main theories of hypnotism

responding to hypnotism; receives sensory input but blocks attention

2 streams of consciousness

psychoactive drugs

a chemical substance, that alters perceptions and moods

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

depressants; stimulants; hallucinogens

3 major categories of psychoactive drugs

neurotransmitters

all drugs stimulate, inhibit, or mimic activity of __________

culture

__________ influences expectation

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

alcohol; barbiturates; opiates

3 kinds of depressants

barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement~ tranquilizer

opiates

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

heroin; morphine

2 types of opiate depressants

endorphins

opiates stop producing the NT ________

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body function

caffeine; nicotine; amphetamines; cocaine; ecstasy

5 types of stimulants

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded

amphetamines

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

caffeine

world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance

epinephrine; norepinephrine

nicotine releases neurotransmitters __________ and ___________

dopamine

stimulants release neurotransmitters _______

insula

area of the brain that lights up when people crave drugs

cocaine

fast track from euphoria to crash

crack

crystallized form of cocaine

ecstasy; MDMA

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer

release serotonin-> block its reabsorption -> depressed

major affect of ecstasy

hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; aka acid; Albert Hofman

LSD, marijuana

2 types of hallucinogens

near death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (often through cardiac arrest)

near death experience

similar to drug induced hallucinations

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

its tolerance does not increase over time

marijuana is unique in that...

alcohol

depressant, initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition, depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

heroin

depressant, rush of euphoria, relief from pain, depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

caffeine

stimulant, increased alertness/wakefulness, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

methamphetamine

stimulant, euphoria, alertness, energy, irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

cocaine

stimulant, rush of euphoria, confidence, energy, cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

nicotine

stimulant, arousal and relaxation, sense of well

ecstasy (MDMA)

stimulant, mild hallucinogen, emotional elevation, disinhibition, dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

marijuana

mild hallucinogen, enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation, impaired learning/memory; increased risk of psychological disorders; lung damage

genetic predisposition; variations in NT systems

2 biological influences of drug use

lacking sense of purpose; significant stress; psychological disorders

3 psychological influences of drug use

urban environments; cultural attitude; peer influence

3 social cultural influences of drug use