U5: MENTAL HEALTH

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

traumatic experiences in a person's life occurring before the age of 18 that the person remembers as an adult

stressors

events that cause a stress reaction

emotion

focused coping

Fight Response

The body's automatic involuntary response to respond TOWARD a perceived stress or threat; fight

General adaptation syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Alarm reaction (GAS)

First stage of the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor.

Resistance phase (GAS)

body adapts to the stress/stimulus and returns to normal function (compensation)

Exhaustion phase (GAS)

body's resistance collapses, creating damage that can include susceptibility to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage, or death

problem

focused coping

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

distress

negative stress that is debilitating

Eustress

A positive stress that is motivating

Tend

and

VIA Character strengths

24 character strengths that make up what's best about our personality, each falling under one of six virtue categories: courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendance, wisdom

Positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

post

traumatic growth (PTG)

Resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Signature strengths/virtues

Character strengths and virtues that are personally fulfilling, intrinsic to one's identity, and contribute to the collective well

wellbeing

a state in which an individual is mentally, physically, and socially healthy and secure

Behavioral perspective

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

Biological perspective

the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior

Biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

Cognitive perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

diathesis

stress model

DSM

V

Dysfunction

Impaired or abnormal functioning

Eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Evolutionary perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Psychodynamic perspective

the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control

Sociocultural perspective

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

Anxiety disorders

Disorders with excessive fear and/or anxiety with related disturbances to behavior

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Generalized anxiety disorder

a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event

Panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

Specific phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

Bipolar disorders

disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

Bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

Delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

Depressive disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Persistent depressive disorder

depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood

Disorganized motor behavior

ranges from unusually active to barely moving; unusual grimaces and gestures

Disorganized thinking/speech

group of symptoms of schizophrenia where individuals may think or speak in ways that are jumbled, illogical, or incoherent

Dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

Dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities with memory gaps

Eating disorders

Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

Negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

Neurodevelopmental disorders

neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child's developing years

Attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Obsessive

compulsive disorder

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Cluster A (odd or eccentric cluster)

schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypal personality disorder

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic)

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.

Borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

Histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self

Cluster C (anxious, fearful)

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive

Compulsive Personality Disorder

Avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions

obsessive

compulsive personality disorder

Positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

Post

traumatic stress disorder

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client

Antianxiety medication

drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety

Antidepressants

drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain

Antipsychotic medication

medication that reduces psychotic symptoms

Applied behavior analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

Aversion therapy

A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Cognitive triad

negative thoughts about self, situation, and the future

cognitive

behavioral therapies

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home

Dialectical behavior therapy

A form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal.

Dream interpretation

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

Electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

Free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Humanistic perspective

the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion

Maladaptive thinking

Negative and irrational thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviors, which therapy aims to identify and change.

Meta

analytic studies

Psychodynamic therapies

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems