Cardiovascular System

What is the role of the heart in the body?

Pump and circulate blood throughout the body, give nutrients to cells, and remove waste from the blood

Where is the heart located?

Thoracic Cavity

What is the sublayer of the pericardium made of dense connective tissue?

Fibrous Pericardium

What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?

Epicardium

What the thickest layer of the heart wall made of cardiac muscle cells?

Myocardium

What layer of the heart wall lines the chambers?

Endocardium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from systemic circulation?

Right atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood after getting it passes through the lungs?

Left atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve?

Right ventricle

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium and pumps oxygenated blood out to the systemic circuit?

Left ventricle

Which valve is located at the right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve

Which valve is located at the base of the aorta?

Aortic valve

Which atrioventricular valve sits between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Which atrioventricular valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Mitral valve

Which vessel is a small artery that leads to a capillary?

Arteriole

Which blood vessel conducts blood towards the heart?

Vein

How do substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration?

Diffusion

How do substances move in large quantities through fenestrations and clefts?

Bulk flow

How do large lipid insoluble molecules exchange within capillaries?

Transcytosis

How do substances move from an area of low concentration to high concentration?

Active transport

What arteries supply blood to the lower trunk and hind limbs?

Iliac arteries

Which branch of the aortic arch splits into the right subclavian and right common carotid?

Brachiocephalic artery

Which branch of the aortic arch splits into internal and external suppliers?

Left Common Carotid artery

Which branch of the aortic arch supplies blood to the left arm, chest, and shoulders?

Left Subclavian artery

What is the arterial circle formed by the branch of carotid and vertebral arteries in the cranial cavity?

Circle of Willis

What is the system of blood vessels that carry nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver?

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Which part of the aorta is next to the pulmonary trunk and branches into the coronary arteries?

Ascending Aorta

Which part of the aorta passes through the thoracic region and gives rise to visceral and parietal branches?

Descending Aorta

Which large systemic vein drains blood from areas superior to the diaphragm and empties into the right atrium?

Superior vena cava

Which large systemic vein has blood flow enter it from the abdominal region and below?

Inferior vena cava

Which veins combine to form the superior vena cava?

The right and left brachiocephalic veins

Which wave represents atrial systole or contraction?

P wave

Which wave represents isovolumic contraction or ventricular systole?

QRS wave

Which wave represent atrial diastole or isovolumic relaxation?

T wave

When do ventricles fill?

Ventricular diastole

What causes the first heart sound S1?

The closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves.

What causes the second heart sound S2?

The closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

How is cardiac output calculated?

Stroke volume x heart rate

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

The average pressure of blood flowing through all arteries in the body

What receptors in the ANS affect blood pressure?

Baroreceptors, proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate cardiovascular function.

What hormones regulate blood pressure?

RAA, nor/epinephrine, ADH, and atrial natriuretic peptide

What is shock?

Life threatening condition when the cardiovascular system fails to supply enough oxygen and nutrients to tissues to meet metabolic needsand results in cellular dysfunction and organ failure.

What needs to return to normal to return from shock?

Blood pressure, MAP, and cardiac outputmust return to normal levels.

What is the function of blood?

Transportation, defense, and homeostasis

What is plasma composed of?

About 90% water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, antibodies, and waste products.

What are hemopoietic growth factors?

Appropriate chemical stimuli that prompt stem cells to divide and differentiateinto various types of blood cells.

What is hemostasis?

The process that prevents and stops bleeding, involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

What is the role of the red blood cell?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.

What is hemoglobin?

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carries it throughout the body.

What are the three granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Which are agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

What determines blood type?

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.