Intro Educational Psych CLEP

Which of the following learning outcomes usually undergoes the largest loss within 24 hours of acquisition?

A. The learning of meaningful material

B. The learning of rote material

C. The formulation of concepts

D. The application of principles

E. The making of generalization

B. The learning of rote material

When Robert's classmates no longer showed approval of his clowning, his clowning behavior occurred less frequently. The concept best exemplified by Robert's change in behavior is:

A. extinction

B. discrimination

C. generalization

D. transfer

E. learning set

A. extinction

Which of the following are functions of an IEP?

A. supports classroom teachers

B. creates a relationship (partnership) between regular classroom and resource team

C. provides an instructional program to meet the needs of the individual student

D. allow the school professionals to solely make decisions without consulting parents

A, B, C

In a fifth-grade class that is working on a set of arithmetic problems, which of the following behaviors would be most characteristic of the student who is a divergent thinker?

A. writing down the principle used to solve the problem as well as the solution itself

B. making answers far more exact than its necessary

C. working as fast as possible in order to be the first to finish the assignment

D. finding a variety of ways to solve each problem

E. providing the correct solution to the greatest number of problems

D. finding a variety of ways to solve each problem

To measure students' understanding of a theorem in geometry, it is best for a teacher to have the students do which of the following?

A. write out the theorem

B. recall the proof of the theorem

C. demonstrate that they have memorized the theorem

D. solve a problem that is given in the textbook

E. solve a related problem that is not in the textbook

E. solve a related problem that is not in the textbook

A child who is frightened by a dog and develops a fear of other dogs is exhibiting which of the following principles of learning?

A. discrimination learning

B. negative transfer

C. behavior shaping

D. stimulus generalization

E. cognitive dissonance

D. stimulus generalization

In experimental studies of the motor development of identical twins, one twin is given practice at a particular skill early and the other twin six weeks later. The fact that it generally takes less practice for the later-trained twin to acquire the skill is evidence for the importance of

A. heredity

B. maturation

C. intelligence quotient (IQ)

D. individual differences

E. early experiences

maturation

In a fifth-grade class studying the ancient Incan culture, all of the following questions are likely to stimulate pupils to think creatively EXCEPT

A. why do you suppose the clothing of the Incas was so different from today's clothing

B. what weapons and tools did the Incas use for hunting

C. what would be the reaction of ancient Incas toward midern Peru

D. if the Incas had defeated the Spanish, how might things be different in Peru today

E. if you had lived in Peru during the time of the Incas, what are the things you would have liked and disliked?

B. what weapons and tools did the Incas use for hunting

The psychological frame of reference that deals extensively with the effects of unconscious motivation on behavior is

A. behaviorism

B. structuralism

C. psychoanalysis

D. humanism

E. Gestalt psychology

C. psychoanalysis

Of the following, learning is best defined as

A. development that occurs without external stimulation

B. the process of overcoming

C. effort that is persistent, selective, and powerful

D. the modification of behavior through experience

E. the gathering of data to test hypotheses

D. the modification of behavior through experience

According to cognitive learning theorists, a new unit can be most readily learned by a class of students when the unit's concepts and terms are

A. recited from memory in a number of contexts

B. expressed as observable behavioral objectives

C. chosen to reflect the most up-to-date findings in the field

D. related hierarchically to concepts and terms mastered previously

E. presented in a manner that students find different and complex

D. related hierarchically to concepts and terms mastered previously

A preschool child sees a teacher roll a ball of clay into a sausage-like shape. The teacher asks "Is the amount of clay the same as before?" The child insists that the sausage shape consists of more clay than the ball did. According to Piaget, this mistake by the child occurs principally because of which of the following?

A. a poorly stated question by the teacher

B. erroneous earlier learning by the child

C. the greater attractiveness of the sausage shape

D. a cognitive impairment

E. a lack of understanding of the conservation principle

E. a lack of understanding of the conservation principle

A fourth-grade teacher wants her students to learn to recognize oak trees. Which of the following strategies would best lead to that goal?

A. bringing oak leaves into classrooms and having students trace them

B. taking the students to the park to show them oaks and other trees and pointing out the distinguishing characteristics of oaks

C. giving each student one or two acorns to plant and presenting a lesson on how oak trees grow

D. decorating the classroom bulletin boards with pictures of trees

E. showing students a film of the major trees of North America and then giving the students a quiz on oak trees

B. taking the students to the park to show them oaks and other trees and pointing out the distinguishing characteristics of oaks

Longitudinal studies of cognitive abilities during middle and later adulthood indicate which of the following declines most with age?

A. speed of information processing

B. size of vocabulary

C. wisdom

D. quality of verbal reasoning

E. crystallized intelligence

A. speed of information processing

Which of the following is true if a test is reliable?

A. the results will be approximately the same if the test is given again under the similar conditions

B. the test measures what it was designed to measure

C. the predictive validity of the test is high

D. the objectives measured by the test are important

E. the test scores can be interpreted objectively by anyone simply by using the test manual

A. the results will be approximately the same if the test is given again under the similar conditions

The concept of developmental tasks refers to the

A. development of mental abilities, as distinguished from physical abilities

B. ability of the child to develop certain conceptual arrangements

C. behavior of the child that results from hereditary determinants

D. behaviors of the child that are expected at various ages

E. physiological development of the child

D. behaviors of the child that are expected at various ages

Which of the following correlation coefficients has the highest predictive value?

A. .80

B. .60

C. .00

D. -.70

E. -.90

E. -.90

Which of the following statistics is most affected by extreme scores?

A. mean

B. median

C. mode

D. rank correlation

E. interquartile range

A. mean

A certain researcher studied Stephanie's development of mathematical proof and justification from grade 1 through grade 5 by collecting videotapes, portfolios, notes, student interviews, and small-group evaluations of Stephanie over the five-year period. This type of study is referred to as

A. an experimental study

B. a case study

C. a matched-group study

D. a correlational study

E. a survey

B. a case study

Which of the following perspectives on teaching would most likely support the idea that instruction should emphasize a positive relationship between teachers and students?

A. behavioral

B. humanistic

C. cognitive

D. psychoanalytic

E. maturational

B. humanistic

Frank, a fifteen year old, is capable of reasoning abstractly without the use of real objects to assist him. According to Piaget, Frank is in which of the following stages of cognitive development?

A. concrete operations

B. tertiary circular reactions

C. preoperations

D. formal operations

E. sensorimotor

D. formal operations

Decisions about the values that are transmitted in schools are best related to the teacher's role as

A. instructional expert

B. socialization agent

C. counselor

D. motivator

E. classroom management

B. socialization agent

Using the principle of successive approximations involves which of the following?

A. reinforcing responses that represent progress toward a desired response

B. making a succession of trials designed to provide information about a problem

C. acquiring a behavior change through imitation of models demonstrating the behavior

D. averaging repeated measures for adequate assessment of a variable

E. testing possible solutions until success is obtained in problem-solving

A. reinforcing responses that represent progress toward a desired response

Which of the following best characteristics the concept of a critical or sensitive period in development?

A. a bridge between two cognitive stages, such as the transition between preoperational and concrete-operational thinking

B. an age period during which a behavior must develop if it is to develop normally

C. an age period during which the child tends to display a certain class of behaviors, such as the 'terrible twos'

D. an age period during which the child's sense of sense of self-worth is especially vulnerable to social criticism

E. an age period during which children are influenced more by peers than by adults

B. an age period during which a behavior must develop if it is to develop normally

In cooperative learning it is NOT important for students to

A. rely on group members' contributions to complete the task

B. be held individually accountable for their own learning

C. be at the same achievement level

D. interact directly with other group members

E. know and use good interpretational skills

C. be at the same achievement level

Some psychologists theorize that behavioral development, like anatomical development, proceeds from the simple to the complex, from homogeneous to heterogeneous, and from the general to the specific. Which of the following terms refers to these developmental trends?

A. Constancy

B. Assimilation

C. Metacognition

D. Differentiation

E. Transfer

D. Differentiation

Paying attention to new information is important in the learning process because such attention brings information from

A. an external environment into the sensory register

B. an external environment into long-term memory

C. the sensory register into working memory

D. the working memory into long-term memory

E. the sensory register into long-term memory

C. the sensory register into working memory

When a two-year-old child points to a picture of a horse in a picture book and says 'doggie', the child is committing an error of

A. overregulation

B. overextension

C. receptive vocabulary

D. syntax

E. articulation

B. overextension

Which of the following psychological schools of thought mot emphasizes perceptual organization?

A. Behaviorism

B. Evolutionary Psychology

C. Humanism

D. Psychodynamic Approach

E. Gestalt Psychology

E. Gestalt Psychology

A student has to memorize a long list of nouns for a contest. Which of the following is the best strategy for the student to use to enhance recall of the words?

A. Grouping the words by semantic category

B. Spelling each of the words

C. Sorting the words according to length

D. Writing out the definition of each of the words

E. Determining the presence or absence of a target sound in each word

A. Grouping the words by semantic category

In an evaluation of achievement, the relationship between formative evaluation and summative evaluation is most similar to that between

A. skills instruction and skills practice

B. diagnostic examinations and final examinations

C. subjective data and objective data

D. descriptive data and inferential data

E. norm-referenced test and criterion-referenced tests

B. diagnostic examinations and final examinations

Which of the following treatments is most common for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A. Stimulant medication

B. Mnemonic aids

C. Self-esteem workshops

D. Psychotherapy

E. Motivational

A. Stimulant medication

A person who drove a manual-transmission car for years finds out that when driving a car with an automatic transmission, he often lifts his foot to step on the clutch. This driver is experiencing

A. parallel distributed processing

B. an articulatory loop

C. positive transfer

D. proactive interference

E. retroactive interference

D. proactive interference

A parent complains that 40 percent of the questions on a classroom test were taken from 4 pages of the 70 pages covered in the material assigned in the test. The parent is questioning the test's

A. interrater reliability

B. test-retest reliability

C. split-half reliability

D. content validity

E. criterion-related validity

D. content validity

Joseph Renzulli's triad for identifying giftedness is best described as which of the following?

A. Above-average ability, task committment, creativity

B. Skillful processing of verbal information, artistic expression, assertiveness

C. High IQ scores, academic aptitude, practical intelligence

D. Language fluency, analytic problem-solving ability, ethical thinking

E. interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence

A. Above-average ability, task committment, creativity

Behavioral theories that focus on helping students develop self-management skills emphasize that it is important for students to

A. assess their competencies

B. improve their self-concepts

C. increase their general knowledge

D. develop social awareness

E. recognize clear signals that behaviors are appropriate

E. recognize clear signals that behaviors are appropriate

Jacob Kounin's concept of 'withitness' refers to which of the following teacher abilities?

A. Maintaining awareness of everything that is happening in the classroom

B. Sequentially processing classroom activities and giving feedback to students

C. Going from one activity to another without wasting time

D. Focusing on one thing at a time in the classroom to keep from becoming frustrated

E. identifying students' academic strengths and deficiencies

A. Maintaining awareness of everything that is happening in the classroom

Which of the following would be the best evidence that a test intended to estimate future success in school was biased against one group of examinees?

A. A large mean-score difference between that group and the rest of the examinees

B. A large standard deviation in the test scores of that group

C. A low passing rate for all examinees

D. An 80 percent passing rate for that group

E. An underprediction of academic achievement for that group

E. An underprediction of academic achievement for that group

Among white, middle-class parents in the United States, which of the following parenting styles is most likely to help children develop into responsible adolescents?

A. autocratic

B. authoritarian

C. authoritative

D. permissive

E. enmeshed

C. authoritative

Which of the following is a major point in Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A. The levels of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's scheme are unrelated to social and political attitudes.

B. Mature levels of moral reasoning may differ qualitatively between men and women.

C. The higher level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's scheme apply only to children in the United States

D. The stages in Kohlberg's scheme deviate from those in Jean Piaget's stage theory

E. Chronological age is unrelated to maturity of moral reasoning on Kohlberg's scale.

B. Mature levels of moral reasoning may differ qualitatively between men and women.

Which of the following best illustrates metacognition?

A. Memorizing terms ad definitions from textbooks

B. Monitoring one's comprehension while reading

C. Listening to the radio and studying at the same time

D. Retrieving information from working memory

E. Retrieving information from long-term memory

B. Monitoring one's comprehension while reading

George Miller's research finding that humans have a processing capacity of seven plus-or-minus two items applies to which of the following types of memory?

A. Sensory register

B. Explicit

C. Implicit

D. Short-term

E. Procedural

D. Short-term

Alice maintains a messy desk in order to gain attention from her teacher. For Alice, the teacher's attention serves as which of the following?

A. Negative reinforcement

B. Positive reinforcement

C. Extinction

D. Primary reinforcement

E. Shaping

B. Positive reinforcement

Research that investigates nature versus nurture as a basis of intelligence has found the highest correlations of IQ scores between which of the following?

A. Dizygotic twins raised together

B. Nontwin siblings raised together

C. Nontwin siblings raised apart

D. Monozygotic twins raised together

E. Monozygotic twins raised apart

D. Monozygotic twins raised together

Mary's score on the achievement test is 75. The normative data show an overall test mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. This information indicates that Mary's z-score equivalent is

A. -2.5

B. -0.53

C. +.53

D. +1.3

E. +2.5

E. +2.5

A teacher informs parents that their child has earned a stanine score of five. The teacher is actually saying that the students test score is

A. below average

B. average

C. above average

D. indicating giftedness

E. indicating a disability

B. average

Jodie, who is in ninth grade, took a test that measured her ability in mathematics. The test consisted of 50 multiple-choice questions and had a completion time of two hours. It was scored from 0 to 50 points, with a mean of 27, a mode of 26, and a median of 25. Jodie's score represented her actual knowledge of mathematics and did not provide any information about how she compared with other students who had taken the same test.

The test that Jodie took is best characterized as

A. a portfolio assessment

B. an intelligence test (IQ)

C. a developmental profile

D. a norm-referenced test

E. a criterion-referenced test

E. a criterion-referenced test

Jodie, who is in ninth grade, took a test that measured her ability in mathematics. The test consisted of 50 multiple-choice questions and had a completion time of two hours. It was scored from 0 to 50 points, with a mean of 27, a mode of 26, and a median of 25. Jodie's score represented her actual knowledge of mathematics and did not provide any information about how she compared with other students who had taken the same test.

An examination of the scores of all of the students who took the test would reveal that the score most often earned was

A. 15

B. 25

C. 26

D. 27

E. 50

C. 26

A teacher rewards students for every fifth question they get right in class. Which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that the teacher is using?

A. fixed interval

B. fixed ratio

C. variable interval

D. extinction

E. differential

B. fixed ratio

Jose cannot find his favorite toy. When his father talks with him about it and encourages Jose to think about where he last used it, he suddenly remembers the toy's location. Jose's thinking is thus aided by the conversation with his father. This is an example of a theory of cognitive development formulated by

A. Jean Piaget

B. Lev Vygotsky

C. Noam Chomsky

D. Carol Gilligan

E. Lawrence Kohlberg

B. Lev Vygotsky

Paul is fourteen years old, has recently broken up with his girlfriend of three weeks, and believes no one can understand the pain he is feeling. According to David Elkind, Paul is displaying

A. the imaginary audience

B. metacognition

C. a personal fable

D. postformal thought

E. symbolic thought

C. a personal fable

Mrs. Smith's third graders love creating writing. Research on the use of rewards generally indicates that if she continuously rewards her students with candy for writing creative stories, the students'

A. writing abilities will keep improving

B. writing abilities will get worse overtime

C. writing will not be affected in any way

D. interest in writing will lessen over time

E. interest in writing will increase over time

D. interest in writing will lessen over time

Mary enjoys reading, primarily because her father gives her a dollar for each book she reads. Mary's motivational orientation for reading is most accurately described as

A. mastery oritented

B. goal oriented

C. intrinsic

D. extrinsic

E. egocentric

D. extrinsic

Which of the following is a motivational theory in which students attempt to explain the causes of their successes and failures?

A. cognitive-based theory

B. hierarchy of needs

C. reward theory

D. attribution theory

E. achievement motivation

D. attribution theory

A student's score at the 75th percentile indicates that the student

A. correctly answered 75 percent of the exam

B. correctly answered 75 questions on the exam

C. scores worse than 75 percent of the test-takers

D. scored the same as or better than 75 percent of the test-takers

E. scored the same as or better than 25 percent of the test takers

D. scored the same as or better than 75 percent of the test-takers

Five-year-old Billy rarely makes eye contact and frequently self-stimulates and repeats back the information that he hears. Based on this information alone, it is most likely that Billy has

A. autistic disorder

B. major depressive disorder

C. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

D. an intellectual disability

E. dyslexia

A. autistic disorder

Which of the following is most likely to be used as an individually administered intelligence test?

A. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

B. Differential Ability Scales

C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

D. GRE

E. Thematic Apperception Test

A. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Tests such as the SAT and the ACT test are most often used for which type of testing?

A. diagnostic

B. intelligence

C. achievement

D. aptitude

E. projective

D. aptitude

A self-regulated learner is likely to engage in all of the following EXCEPT

A. thinking about which learning strategies are appropriate for a given task

B. evaluating his or her performance while progressing through a task

C. thinking about multiple tasks and responsibilities simultaneously

D. setting realistic goals

E. managing study time

C. thinking about multiple tasks and responsibilities simultaneously

Token economies in classrooms often provide students with the opportunity to earn points for good behavior that can be exchanged for some type of reward, such as candy, free time, or toys. According to researchers, a token economy system would be most beneficial in a classroom in which students

A. exhibit high intrinsic motivation

B. typically behave well

C. are out of control

D. are especially gifted

E. has just begun show minor behavior problems

C. are out of control

Which of the following is NOT consistent with developmentally appropriate practice in kindergarten?

A. having different learning centers in the classroom

B. expecting all children to read simple words by the end of the year

C. giving children time for free play during each week

D. having children engaged in activities in small groups

E. allowing children a rest period during the day

B. expecting all children to read simple words by the end of the year

Based on group data, which of the following is a gender difference that is regularly observed on achievement tests?

A. boys tend to have higher average scores on reading tests than girls do

B. girls tend to have higher average scores on science tests than boys do

C. girls tend to have higher average scores on spatial reasoning tests than boys do

D. there tends to be more variability among boys' scores on achievement tests than there is among girls' scores

E. girls tend to have higher average scores on math tests than boys do

D. there tends to be more variability among boys' scores on achievement tests than there is among girls' scores

Learned helplessness is most likely to occur when students view the cause of their failures as

A. stable and uncontrollable

B. stable and controllable

C. unstable and controllable

D. external and controllable

E. internal and unstable

A. stable and uncontrollable

Mr. Arevola, an experienced fifth-grade mathematics teacher, is acknowledged as an excellent teacher and often acts as a mentor to young teachers. He is especially helpful by assisting newcomers to understand the difficulties that students often have with comprehension of fractions and to teach in a way that will address that issue. According to Lee Shulman, the type of teacher knowledge Mr. Arevola conveys could best be described as

A. content knowledge

B. process knowledge

C. declarative knowledge

D. pedagogical content knowledge

E. pedagogical process knowledge

D. pedagogical content knowledge

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following is the most powerful source of self-efficacy for a child?

A. physiological cues

B. verbal persuasion

C. mastery experiences

D. observational learning

E. imitation

C. mastery experiences

Stage theories of development are best described as

A. quantitative/continuous

B. qualitative/discontinuous

C. morally bound

D. universally accepted

E. socially determined

B. qualitative/discontinuous

Which of the following is an example of disequilibrium?

A. Robert has learned about different types of sharks, and he reasons that a dolphin is a type of shark because it looks similar

B. William has figured out that the sun is covered with clouds at night, which causes the darkness

C. Dameon wonders how a caterpillar can be an insect when it appears to have more than six legs

D. Ricky understands that his teddy bear is not alive, because he has learned about the characteristics of living things

E. Jon decides that sand is a liquid because it takes the shape of its container

C. Dameon wonders how a caterpillar can be an insect when it appears to have more than six legs

Achievement test differ from aptitude tests primarily in that

A. the score distributions of achievement tests tend to be linear, whereas the score distributions of aptitude tests tend to be bell-shaped

B. achievement tests are designed to measure what students have learned, whereas aptitude tests are designed to predict how well students will perform in the future

C. achievement tests tend to face more resistance from parents, students, and classroom teachers than do aptitude tests

D. achievement tests are designed to measure the middle-ability population most accurately, whereas aptitude tests are designed to measure the high and low ability populations most accurately

B. achievement tests are designed to measure what students have learned, whereas aptitude tests are designed to predict how well students will perform in the future

Mr. Janis asked his class to draw a picture of a flower. Ninety percent of the class drew a picture of a rose. In terms of cognitive psychology, what would a rose be for these students?

A. an attribute

B. a concept

C. a prototype

D. a heuristic

E. an algorithm

C. a prototype

During a final exam, Eileen started breathing really hard and her heart felt as if it would jump out of its chest. What hormone was most likely involved in this process?

A. epinephrine

B. dopamine

C. norepinephrine

D. serotonin

E. cortisol

A. epinephrine

Jenna has just been diagnosed with an articulation disorder. Which behavior is she most likely to exhibit?

A. saying 'wed' instead of 'red'

B. speaking too slowly

C. stammering while talking

D. using a high-pitched voice

E. speaking without using an emotional tone

A. saying 'wed' instead of 'red'

Ms. Sharps has been emphasizing the use of authentic assessment in her watercolor painting class. What type of assessment is she most likely to use to grade her students?

A. portfolio

B. essay test

C. oral presentation

D. short essays

E. multiple-choice tests

A. portfolio

Jacquelin has always done well in school. In her fifth-grade class, she works hard and always does her homework. She over reads extra books and does extra math problems. Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages would Jacquelin best exemplify?

A. trust vs mistrust

B. autonomy vs shame and doubt

C. initiative vs guilt

D. industry vs inferiority

E. identity vs role confusion

D. industry vs inferiority

A seventh-grade boy scores 66 on an IQ test. He is very sociable but has some trouble with independent living tasks. He would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following?

A. learning disability

B. autism

C. aspergers

D. ADHD

E. mild intellectual disability

E. mild intellectual disability

When teachers praise students who score the highest on tests or who do work without mistakes, this often makes other students

A. achieve the highest test scores possible

B. give up if they are not doing well

C. help each other

D. start learning outside their zone of proximal development

B. give up if they are not doing well

Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to increase test scores?

A. giving rewards to students who get very high scores

B. giving partial credit for partially correct answers

C. giving clear feedback about the reasons for a low score

D. providing ungraded assignments to encourage creativity and risk-taking

E. grading oral as well as written work

A. giving rewards to students who get very high scores

A teacher believes that students of all ages can improve their basic abilities through hard work, even though many of them might think that their ability is fixed and cannot be changed. The teacher's belief is associated with a view of intelligence referred to as

A. fluid

B. crystallized

C. multiple

D. incremental

E. the 'g' factor

D. incremental

Teachers who want to positively reinforce students' behaviors would best be guided by which of the following statements?

A. make sure that all children get the same reward so that they are equally motivated

B. delay reinforcement rather than providing it right after the behavior being rewarded

C. promote self-regulation and self management so students do not become dependent on incentives

D. balance positive reinforcement with punishment so students do not expect only to be rewarded

C. promote self-regulation and self management so students do not become dependent on incentives

Larae has been selected to serve on a jury. When Larae sees the defendant she decides that he is not guilty. When the prosecutor presents her case, Larae does not listen attentively. Larae is showing evidence of

A. the availability heuristic

B. diffusion of responsibility

C. the overconfidence effect

D. confirmation bias

E. the representative heuristic

D. confirmation bias

Which of the following practices promotes a performance goal orientation?

A. using cooperative learning strategies

B. evaluating students in terms of their progress overtime

C. encouraging students to use multiple strategies when solving a problem

D. allowing students extra time to master content they find difficult

E. posting the names of students that pass a classroom test

E. posting the names of students that pass a classroom test

An IEP would likely be written for which of the following students?

A. Jason, a 13 year old who transferred to a new school

B. Maddy, a 12 year old who is now taking regular PE

C. Rachel, a 5 year old who is beginning kindergarten

D. Stanley, a 16 year old who is learning job skills

D. Stanley, a 16 year old who is learning job skills

Which group is not covered by IDEA (Individuals with Disability Education Act) of 2004?

A. students with emotional disturbance

B. students with learning disabilities but average intelligence

C. students with hearing impairments that are not profoundly deaf

D. students identified as intellectually gifted

D. students identified as intellectually gifted

Which of the following correctly lists the components of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A. analytic, creative, and practical

B. linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal

C. general, insightful, and automatic

D. verbal, logical, and bodily-kinesthetic

A. analytic, creative, and practical

A school nurse wants to know whether children's knowledge about nutrition increases over the course of the elementary years. To find out, she gives a test about nutrition to students in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades. She then compares the test scores for the three grade levels. Which one of the following research designs does the nurse's study best reflect?

A. experimental design

B. longitudinal design

C. cross-sectional design

D. correlational design

C. cross-sectional design

Which of the following interventions is most likely to help close the gap in reading scores between students of low and high socioeconomic status?

A. encouraging parents of low SES to read more to their children

B. teaching parents of low SES to emphasize literacy skills when reading to their children

C. promoting an oral storytelling tradition in families of low SES

D. providing books for students in families of low socioeconomic status

E. providing classes in English as a second language for parents of low SES

B. teaching parents of low SES to emphasize literacy skills when reading to their children

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, in what order does gender develop?

A. gender stability, gender consistency, gender identity

B. gender identity, gender consistency, gender stability

C. gender identity, gender stability, gender consistency

D. gender consistency, gender identity, gender stability

C. gender identity, gender stability, gender consistency

Dyslexia is best described as a learning disability in which a student has

A. an inability to master basic reading skills in a developmentally typical time frame

B. a problem with visual perception that results in reading words backwards

C. difficulty in visualizing spatial aspects of mathematical problems

D. a deficit in computation in mathematical problems

A. an inability to master basic reading skills in a developmentally typical time frame

Of the following, students with a moderate hearing loss will most likely have

A. low self-esteem

B. poor attention span

C. delayed language skills

D. emotional problems

E. poor motor skills

C. delayed language skills

Central to Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive

development is the idea that children make sense

of their world

A. by watching other people be reinforced or punished for their behavior

B. through repeated encounters with pleasant and unpleasant events in their daily lives

C. through independent explorations of their physical and social environments

D. by interacting with more-experienced people to accomplish tasks they could not accomplish alone

E. by building their schemes through interaction with the environment

D. by interacting with more-experienced people to accomplish tasks they could not accomplish alone

Which of the following best illustrates a person who has high self-efficacy?

A. Anne is confident that she can win a spot on the school's dance team if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts

B. Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than her classmates

C. Connor has a little faith in his academic abilities, so he avoids homework

D. Darvin is convinced no one likes him even though they do

C. Joel believes that he is worthy of love from his parents and peers

A. Anne is confident that she can win a spot on the school's dance team if she practices her routine everyday until the tryouts

Research on bilingualism suggests that

A. high levels of bilingualism in students are related to increased cognitive abilities

B. high levels of bilingualism in students are related to decreased metalinguistic awareness

C. dividing students into separate English classes based on their primary language is desirable

D. for students to learn English properly, their parents must only speak English at home

A. high levels of bilingualism in students are related to increased cognitive abilities

Sharron has trouble with math in a previous semester. Now she believes that no matter how much she studies for her math test or how much tutoring she receives, she will fail the test. Her reaction to this lack of control is most similar to the behaviorist idea of

A. anxiety

B. internal conflict

C. stressor

D. learned helplessness

E. fatalism

D. learned helplessness

Which of the following characteristics are most typical of gifted children and adolescents?

A. they report more emotional and social difficulties than average classmates of their own age

B. they are less likely to be accepted by their peers and siblings

C. they learn best in classes that stress knowledge acquisition above all else

D. they are more likely that their average-achieving peers to drop out of school and engage in antisocial behavior

A. they report more emotional and social difficulties than average classmates of their own age