Exam 4 (Amphibia and Reptilia)

Clade amniotes

Reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Superclass tetrapoda

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Class Amphibia

Frogs, salamanders, caecilians

Four, five

How many digits on forelimbs, hindlimbs? (Amphibia)

Skin and/or lungs

How does respiration occur in amphibians

Three chambers

How many chambers in amphibian heart?

Predominately oviparous, some ovoviviparous or viviparous though

Reproduction in Amphibia?

Moist

What environments to amphibians favor?

Order Gymnophiona

Long, slender, limbless burrowing organisms. Tropical, some have dermal scales, eyes are small and blind as adults. Caecilians.

Order Urodela

Abundant in North America. No scales, carnivores. Right angled limbs. 10-60 vetebrae. Salamanders. Vascular skin.

Paedomorphosis (child form)

The evolutionary process in which larval features of an ancestral organism are found in the adult forms. OR features found in the larvae of most groups occur in adults of another group.

Eastern Hellbender

Ohio’s largest salamander. Adults do not have gills like mudpuppies. can get 24 inches long.

Eastern red-spotted newt

The adults lay eggs on aquatic vegetation in ponds. Reside in Ohio and eastern united states. Salamander.

Headwater streams

Small swales, creeks, and streams that are the origin of most rivers. They join together with others to form larges streams and rivers.

Lungless species of salamander

The indicator species for primary headwaters?

Siltation of pollution

The indicator salamander species for headwaters will not occur if a stream has

Long tail salamander/ Two-lined salamander

Two indicator species in ohio (salamanders)

Redback salamander

A lungless salamander but not an indicator species. Its essentially a terrestrial salamander. Important for forest ecosystems.

Order Anura

Order of amphibians made up of frogs and toads. No scales. More species in this order than the other orders of amphibians.

Six to ten, with a urostyle

How many vertebrae in order anura?

head and trunk

What parts of order anura are fused together?

Faveoli

Anura lungs divided into small terminal air chambers. Theyre larger than aveoli, but in fewer numbers. Leaving anura lungs with less surface area for gas exchange.

Forebrain

Anura part of brain that coordinated olfaction

Midbrain

Part of anura brain that coordinates vision

Hindbrain

Part of anura brain that coordinates hearing, balance, reflexes, respiration, swallowing, etc.

Fixed

The upper eyelid of order anura is _______ while the lower eyelid is capable of moving across the eye surface.

Tadpoles

Have a long finned tail, internal and external gills, no legs, and are herbivores. Larvae.

Externally as she lays them

How do male frogs fertilize female eggs?

Metamorphosis

Change from tadpole to adult. Tail is reabsorbed, kindlimbs them forlimbs appear. Lungs develop.

Family Pelobatidae - Spadefoot Toads

Has teeth in upper jaw (not true toad). Kind foot has keratinized spade for digging in the sand.

Eastern Spadefoot toad

Only frog or toad listed as endangered in ohio.

Family Bufonidae

The true toads, teeth absent from upper jaw. Squat body with bumpy skin due to poison glands. Ex. Eastern american toad.

Family Hylidae

Tree frogs. Long slender limbs, intercalary cartilage between the ultimate and penultimate phalanges.

Family Ranidae

True frogs. Smooth and moist skinned, large, powerful legs, webbed feet. Ex. American bullfrog, wood frog.

Chytrid Fungus

Produces pores in the epidermal cells. Causes loss of essential ions in Anura. Amphibians breathe and take up water through the skin and theres massive skin cell death.

Anamniotes

Vertebrates without an amniotic egg (ex. fish and amphibians)

Amniotes

Vertebrates with an amniotic egg (reptiles, birds, mammals)

Amnion

Encloses embryo in fluid

Allantois

forms a sac to store metabolic wastes

Chorion

Surrounds the entire contents of the egg

Chorion and allantois

Highly vascularized and for an efficient respiratory organ for removing CO2 and getting O2

Mineralized flexible egg shell

Gives mechanical support, allows passage of gases buts limits water loss.

Provides raw materials for growing embry, laid in dry places, structural support, faster growing embryo.

What are the advantages of having an amniotic egg?

Surface area

What do amniote lungs have more of than amphibian lungs?

Rib ventilation

What do amniotes have that help create negative pressure for the lungs?

Class Reptilia

Ectothermic, usually two pairs of limbs (or absent). No larval stage. Has one occipital condyle. HOMODONT.

five

How many digits on reptilian limbs?

Uric acid

Metanephridic kidneys in reptilians produce what waste product?

Ammonia and urea

What waste product do amphibians excrete?

Two atria and a ventricle

Reptilian hearts consist of what chambers?

Beta-keratin protein

What forms the more keratinized skin of reptiles?

Osteoderms

Crocs, turtles, and some lizards (skinks) have bony plates under the scales in the dermis called…

Order Tetsudines

Has a shell and can withdraw its head inside for protection. NO TEETH.

Bone

Inner layer of a turtle shell, a fusion of ribs, vertebrae, and dermally ossifying elements are made of what?

Keratin

What is the outside of a turtle shell made of?

Laterally

Rib growth in turtles is directed in what direction?

Oviparous

What type of reproduction do turtles undergo?

Males

In turtles, low temperature eggs produce what sex?

Females

In turtles, high temperature eggs produce what sex?

Marine leatherback

Largest turtles, can get up to two meters. Marine.

Galapagos land tortoises

Can weigh up to several hundred kilograms and can live for more than 170 years.

reduced shell

Common and alligator snapping turtles have what kind of shell?

Order Sphenodonta- Tuataras

Two living species in New Zealand, slow growth and low reproductive rates. Well developed median parietal eye.

Order Squamata

Lizards and snakes, 95% of all known reptilian species. Skin of keratinized epidermal scales or plates which are shed.

Kinetic skulls

Significant movement of skull bones relative to each other in Lizards and snakes. Quadrate bone has joint at dorsal end.

Snakes

Which has a more kinetic skull, lizards or snakes?

Lizards

Most have movable eyelids. External ears, stores fat in their tails. Ectotherms.

Behavioral homeotherms

Lizards body temp has little relationship to ambient temp, moves its ribs to adjust. This is why they are dubbed____________.

Geckos

Small agile nocturnal lizards with adhesive toe pads

Skinks

Elongate with tight fitted osteoderms

Chameleons

Arboreal lizards with long sticky tipped tongues

Gila monsters

Secrete venom from glands in their lower jaws, live in hot deserts

Glass lizards

legless lizards with extremely long fragile tails

Worm lizards

legless lizards with uniform cylindrical bodies.

Snakes

Long bodies with no limb. eyelids fused. no external ears. left lung reduced or absent

No

Do snakes bones become unhinged in the jaw?

Glottis

In snakes, a tracheal opening that is thrusted forward between the two mandibles to allow the snake to keep breathing when swallowing large prey.

Jacobson’s organs

A pair of pitlike organs in the roof of the mouth. Lined with chemosensory cells. Tongues pick up air molecules and bring them in to the organ.

Pit organs

Pythons, boas, pit vipers, have organs that respond to radiant energy (long wave-infared). Sensitive to heat.

20%

What percentage of snakes are poisonous?

Neurotoxic

Venom that acts on the nervous system, especially the optic nerve and phrenic nerve of the diaphragm. (Eastern coral snake)

Hemorragin

Venom that destroys rbcs and blood vessels (eastern diamondback rattlesnake)

Oviparous

Though some snakes could be viviparous or ovoviviparous, most are __________________

Order crocodilia

Massive skull, secondary palate present, quadrate immovable. FOUR CHAMBERED HEART!!

Well developed

Crocs are oviparous, how good is their parental care?

Thecodont

Teeth set in sockets such as in crocodilia

Alligators and caimans

Have a broader snout than crocodiles and their fourth lower jaw tooth is hidden when the mouth is closed.

Crocodiles

In US in very south florida also in asia, africa, and australia. Narrower snout than alligators and their fourth lower jaw tooth is visible when mouth closed. Specialized salt glands to filter salt water.

Gharial

Occur in india and burma and have long slender snouts with slender teeth and eat mostly fish.

Temporal fenestrae

Bilaterally symmetrical holes in the temporal bone of skulls.

Synapsid

A single temporal fenestra

Fenestrae

Openings in the skull or other bones in vertebrates

Diapsid

Two temporal fenstrae

Anapsid

No temporal fenestrae

Mammals

According to evolutionists, synapsid vertabrates evolved into…

Snakes, lizards, birds, tuataras

According to evolutionists, diapsids led to the evolution of what?

Turtles

These have no temporal fenestrae and are anapsids.

Dinosaurs

Extinct diapsids

Saurischia

“Lizard hipped” three pronged pelvis. Pubis points forward.

Ornithiscia

“Bird hipped” the pubis rotated backwards, parallel to ischium. somewhat four pronged.