233 Unit 1 Ch 1 - Intro to A&P and the Human Body

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

ex: how muscles contract

Describe the levels of organization in the human body (be able to put these in order)

1. Chemical Level (simplest/ smallest)

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

6. Organism level (largest/ complex)

integumentary system

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

skeletal system

Provides support and protection for tissues

Muscular System

provides movement

nervous system

controls body activites

Endocrine system

secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

cardiovascular system

transports oxygen, nutrients throughout body--also picks up CO2

lymphatic system

Defense against infection and disease

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body & gets rid of CO2 out of body

digestive system

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, conserves water and energy

urinary system

eliminates water, salts, and waste

reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce female and male gametes

Homeostasis

All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment within NARROW limits

ex: body temp, fluid balance

negative feedback

REDUCE the change or output: the body responds by bringing conditions back to a stable state / within normal limits. EX: a fever--your body sweats to cool off to bring temperature down

positive feedback

INCREASES or amplifies the stimulus AWAY from normal state or limits:

ex: Childbirth (amplified contractions until birth of baby), blood clotting (amplified clotting factors released until bleeding stops)--positive feedback is rare in humans

abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Where is the appendix? Where is the liver? Where is the stomach?

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into superior and inferior portions

Superior

above (towards head)

Inferior

lower (away from head)

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Anterior

front of the body (= ventral)

Posterior

back of body (= dorsal)

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment (usually closer to trunk of body). Example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist. The toe is distal (more distant) to the knee.

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (the radius is lateral to the ulna, the ears are lateral to the nose).

Medial

Toward the middle of the body. Example, the umbilicus is medial to the ilium. The mouth is medial to the ears.

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

superior to diaphragm, pleural and pericardial cavities

peritoneal cavity

Sometimes also called abdominal cavity or upper abdominal cavity. The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes (the parietal and visceral peritoneum).

pelvic cavity

Inferior portion ; Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Supine and Prone Positions

Supine: Lying face up

Prone: lying face down

Midsagital (median) plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

Dorsal

back or posterior (in humans)

Ventral

anterior or towards the front (in humans)

Right Hypochondriac region

liver, gallbladder (hypo= under, chondro = cartilage/ribs)

right lumbar region

ascending colon of large intestine, small intestine

right inguinal region

cecum, appendix

left hypochondriac region

diaphragm, spleen (hypo= under, chondro = cartilage/ribs)

Left lumbar region

descending colon and transverse colon of large intestine

Left inguinal region

sigmoid colon, urinary bladder

epigastric region

Stomach, liver (epi = on top of, gastric = stomach)

umbilical region

small intestine, transverse colon

hypogastric (pubic) region

bladder, small intestine, colon (hypo= under/ inferior , gastric = stomach)

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Liver, stomach

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

cecum, appendix, large intestine

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

spleen, liver, pancreas, stomach

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

small intestine, large intestine, left ovary, left Fallopian tube, left ureter

serous membranes (serosa)

Serous membrane (or plural, serosa) is a thin membrane lining the organs and inner walls of body cavities. These membranes secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding (reduce friction) between the organs and body walls as they rub against each other.

Gastra

stomach

Myo

Muscle

Cyst

bladder, hollow

Dys

painful, difficult, abmormal

neur

nerve

otic

ear, having to do with the ear (for example, an ear infection is called otitis)

anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone

Effects of anabolic steroids

increase muscle mass, infertility, liver tumors, severe acne, hair loss

Hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature (if you are out in the cold you can have hypothermia, which is dangerously low body temperature)

Hyperthermia

abnormally high body temperature (people have recently died during heat waves from hyperthermia)

Which organ system includes organs which secrete hormones, such as the thyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands?

Endocrine System

Define or draw anatomical position.

Briefly explain the homeostatic mechanism that takes place when your body gets too hot, such as from a high fever?

Your body systems work together to help the body maintain a stable internal temperature. If body temperature rises, blood is directed to the skin. This allows more blood to flow near the skin's surface. Heat is given off by the skin into the surrounding air. Sweat is produced; when the sweat evaporates, it helps to cool the body. Rapid breathing can also help the body eliminate excess heat. Together, these responses to increased body temperature explain why you sweat, pant, and become red in the face when you exercise hard.

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.

gross

superficial

near the surface (example, the sternum is superficial to the heart )