Patho unit 1 (fluid balance, movement, electrolyte balance, F&E homeostasis,

What is insensible loss?

Fluids that get lost through routes that can not be measured.

Ex: Lungs(respirations), skin(sweat)

What is the minimum UOP?

30ml/hr

How to calculate UOP (urine output)?

1ml/kg per hour

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Fluid found inside of a cell (40% body water)

1ST SPACE

What is found in ICF?

K+ (Potassium)

What is Extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Fluid in circulating blood

2ND SPACE

What is found in ECF?

Na+ (sodium)

Interstitial fluid (ISF) is located between…?

cells and vessels

3RD SPACE

What are trasncellualar compartments?

Areas set apart by a membrane

Examples of transcellular compartments

• CSF

• Pleural fluid

• Peritoneal cavity fluid

What does “3rd spacing” mean?

Shift of fluid into the ISF or transcellular compartments

*This is less responsive to circulatory control and kidney control

Do fluids in the trancellular compartments require a needle/catheter to remove?

YES

What 3 population are more at risk for fluid imbalances?

• Elderly adults

• Newborns

• Obese people

What 3 factors affect TBW (total body weight)?

• Age: Older women (high adipose tissue) and infants (dehydrate faster so high BW)

• Weight: Heavier (less water), muscular (more water)

• Sex: Women(higher adipose tissue) and men(more body water due to muscles)

Describe hydrostatic pressure?

• PUSH pressure (pushes outward to vascular walls)

• Helps heart contract and maintain healthy BP

• Pushes into interstitial space

Describe osmotic pressure

• PULL pressure

• Solutes and proteins produce fluid movement

• Movement of water across a membrane

What is osmotic pressure also called?

Colloidal osmotic pressure

Osmotic/oncotic pressure is exerted by…?

LARGE protein molecules in the blood

*They are too large to pass through so they stay in the vessels

Where is albumin produced at?

The liver

Albumin is considered the…?

Major plasma protein

How does albumin keep fluid in the vessel?

By using oncotic pressure

What does starling’s law of capillary forces determine?

Making sure all fluids are in the correct departments

Where does the lymphatic system drain from?

• It drains from fluids not pulled back in circulation that are in the interstitial space

What condition occurs if lymphatic structures are damages?

Lymphedema

• Lymph nodes are damaged and fluid enters spaces it is not supposed to

What are electrolytes?

• Solutes and plasma

• Ions with electrical charge

How do electrolytes maintain balnce?

They move across semi permeable membrane

Why are electrolytes so important?

They are essential for nerve impulses

Differentiate between anions & cations

• Anions: Negative charge

• Cations: Positive charge

How is homeostasis maintained in ECF and ICF?

By the use of Na and K pumps

• Na is outside of the cells (3)

• K is inside (2)

What other electrolytes are helpful?

• Calcium

• Phosphate

• Magnesium

*Necessary for bone health

What are electrolytes controlled by?

The endocrine system

Descrbibe diffusion

Movement of a solute/particle from HIGH to LOW concentration

• think of room diffuser when it sprays the room and the scent falls to the floor

Is diffusion active or passive?

passive (no energy required)

What is a solute?

A substance that gets dissolved by another substance

EX: Salt(solute) + water(solvent) = saltwater

EX: Sugar(solute) + water(Solvent) = kool aid

What is a solvent?

Substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution

What conditions can affect diffusion?

• SIZE of a molecule (smaller molecules move faster than bigger ones)

• Temperature (hotter molecules move faster)

What does facilitated diffusion require?

A carrier or channel to enter the cell

EX: calcium, insulin

What happens during active transport?

Particles move against a concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration

• Think of salmon swimming upstream to get caught by bear

Does active transport require energy?

YES

What happens if the Na/K pump fails to move water through diffusion?

Osmosis occurs and cells swell and lys

OsmoLARITY

Concentration of solute in 1L of solution

OsmoLALITY

Concentration of solute in 1kg of water