Bio 308 Digestive system

What does the digestive system act like?

disassembly line

What is the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders?

gastroenterology

What is the organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue?

digestive system

What stage of digestion is the selective intake of food?

ingestion

What stage of digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body?

digestion

What stage of digestion is the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph?

absorption

What stage of digestion is the absorption of water and consolidating the indigestible residue inot feces?

compaction

What stage of digestion is the elimination of feces?

defecation

What type of digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces?

mechanical breakdown

What is the purpose of emchincal digestion?

cutting and grinding action of the teeth, mastication, churning action of the stomach and small intestines. exposes more food surface to digestive enzyme

What type of digestion is a series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into their monomers (residues)?

chemical digestion

What is chemical digestion carried out by?

digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestines

What nutrients are present in usable form in ingested food and can be directly reabsorbed?

vitamins, amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, wand water

What organs are apart of the digestive tract?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intensive, and large intensine

What organs are apart of the GI tract (gastrointestinal)

stomach and intestines

What are the digestive accessory organs?

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Is defecated food residue actually in the body?

no, has to be absorbed to be considered in the body

what has to absorb nutrients for it to be considered in the body?

epithelial cells of the alimentary canal

What is referred to as soemthing that cannot be digested?

cellulose

What are the digestive tract functions?

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, sotrage and elmination, immune barrier

What function of the digestive tract consist of ingestion, mastication, deglutination, peristalsis, segmentation?

Motility

What function of the digestive tract includes exocrine and endocrine?

secretion

What function of the digestive tract consist of breaking down food into smaller units?

digestion

What function of the digestive tract includes passing broken down food into blood or lymph?

absorption

What function of the digestive tract conists of temporary storgage and elimination of indigested food?

storage and elimination

What function of the digestive system includes the epithelium of small intestines are lined with tight junctions that prevents swallowed pathogens from entering body?

immune barrier

What term is used to describe taking food inot the mouth?

ingestion

What term is used to describe chewing?

mastication

What term is used to describe swallowing?

deglutination

What term is used to describe one-way movement through tract?

peristalsis

What term is used to describe churning/mixing?

segmentation

What is part of the exocrine secretion of digestive tract?

digestive enzymes, acid, mucus

What part of the digestive tract is endocrine secretion?

hormones to regulate digestion

What is the nervous network in esophagus, stomach, and intestines? regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow?

enteric plexus ENS

What system can function independently of CNS, and considered part of ANS?

enteric plexus, ENS

Which plexus of the Enteric Nervous system is in the submucosa, and controls glandular secretions of mucosa, controls movements of muscularis mucosae?

submucosal plexus

Which plexus of the enteric nervous system is parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between he two layers and of muscularis externa, controls peristalsis and other contractions of muscularis externa?

myenteric plexus

What structure of the DS functions include ingestion/food intake, taste and other sensory responses to food, chewing and chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, and respiration?

mouth

What structure of the DS functions include retain food and push it between the teeth, essential for speech, fleshiness due to subcutaneous fat, buccinator muscle of the cheek, and orbicularis oris of the lips, and labial frenulum?

cheeks and lips

What is the median fold that attaches each lips to the gum between the anterior incisors?

labial frenulum

What structure of the DS functions include a bulky, muscular, but remakrable agile and sensitive organ, manipulates food between teeth, senses taste and texture of food?

tongue

What are the bumps and projections that ar the sites of most taste buds?

lingual papillae

What is the median fold that attaches the body od the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

lingual frenulum

What is contained entirely within the tongue?

intrinsic muscles

What assits with attachments outside in the tongue?

extrinsic msucles

What separates oral cavity from nasal cavity, makes it possible to breathe while chewing food?

palate

What is the anterior portion that is supported by the maxillae and the palatine bones?

hard (bony) palate?

What is the posterior to hard palate with more spongy texture, composed of skeletal muscle and glandular tissue ?

soft palate

What structure helps retain food int he mouth until one is ready to swallow?

uvula

How many adult teeth do we have?

32

What is the tooth socket in bone, gomphosis joint?

alveolus

What is the modified periosteum whose collagen fibers penetrate into the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other, anchors tooth firmly in alveolus, allows slight movement under pressure of chewing?

periodontal ligament

What covers the alveolar bones?

gingiva (gum)

What part of the tooth is the hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of hte tooth?

dentin

What part of the tooth covers the crown and neck, a noncellular secretin that cannot regenerate?

enamel

What covers the root?

cement

What tooth structure are living tissue and can regenerate?

cementum

What is the space in a root leading to pulp cavity in the crown, nerves and blood vessels?

root canal

What is the meeting of the teeth with the mouth closed?

occlusion

What is the human mouth home to?

more than 700 species of microorganism, especially bacteria

What is the sticky reside on the tooth made up of bacteria and sugars?

plaque

What is calcified plaque?

calculus

What does bacteria in the mouth do that to form dental caries (cavities)?

bacteria metabolizes sugars and release acids that dissolve the minerals of enamel and dentin

What is necessary if cavity reaches pulp?

root canal therapy

What are the functions of saliva?

begins starch and fat digestion, moistens mouth, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds, moistens food and binds it together inot bolus to aid in swallowing?

What solute in saliva is an enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth?

salivary amylase

What solute in saliva is an enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is swallowed?

lingual lipase

What solute in saliva binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing?

mucuc

What solute in saliva is an enzyme that kills bacteria?

lysozyme

What solute in saliva is an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth?

immunoglobulin A (lgA)

What is the pH of saliva?

6.8-7

What are the small glands dispersed amid other oral tissues?

intrinsic salivary glands

What is the muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity to larynx, digestive and respiratory tracts intersect?

pharynx

What is the straight muscular tube 25-30 cm long, extends from pharynx to cardial orifice of stomach passing through esophageal hiatus in diaphragm?

esophagus

Where does food pause because of constriction to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating into esophagus, protects esophageal mucosa from erosive stomach acid?

lower esophageal sphincter

What is the complex action involving over 22 muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus?

swallowing (deglutition)

What are the pair of nuclei in medulla oblongate that corrdinates swallowing refferred to as?

swallowing center

What cranial nerves does the swallowing center communicate with?

V, Vll, IX, Xll

What is cranial nerve V?

Trigeminal nerve

What is cranial nerve Vll?

facial nerve

What is cranial nerve lX?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What is cranial nerve Xll?

Hypoglossal nerve

What is the first phase of swallowing that is under voluntary control?

oral phase

What is the second phase of swallowing that is involuntary control?

pharyngeal phase

What is the third phase of swallowing that peristalsis, involuntary control?

esophageal phase

During which swallowing phase does the tongue form bolus and pushes it into the laryngopharynx?

oral phase

During which swallowing phase does the palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus?

pharyngeal phase

During which swallowing phase the peristalsis drive the bolus downward and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach?

esophageal phase

What are the functions of the stomach?

• stores food

• churns food to mix with gastric secretions

• begins protein digestion

• kills bacteria in the food (acid)

• moves food into small intestine in the form of chyme

What structure of the stomach secretes mucus, lines the internal surface of the stomach and gastric pits?

mucous neck cells

What structure of the stomach is found in upper half of gland, secrete HCl, protective cells to kill pathogens?

parietal cells

What stomach structure secrete pepsinogen, lower half of gastric gland, (peppy, pepsinogen, Lippy, gastric lipase)

chief cells

What does the different directions of the stomach muscle fibers allow for?

mechanical and chemically movement for digestion

Where does protein digestion start?

stomach

Where is the digestion of food called in differrent structure?

esophagus (bolus), stomach (chyme)

What protects the stomach from the acidity?

mucous

What helps activate the digestion of protein and kill apthogens?

HCl

Why are their not as amny pariteal cells in the stomach?

the alkaline environemnt

What gland is the most widespread?

gastric gland

What is the primary active transport of Hydrogen via the hydrogen potassium ATP pump, facilitated diffusion of Cl?

hydrochloric acid HCL