GC 3400: Exam One

Camera simplest form

A light tight box holding a light-sensitive material with a hole on the other side for exposing it (pin hole camera)

Camera Obscura

•10th century - Arabian scholar

•Latin = "dark chamber"

•Used to view an eclipse

•As a pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the projected image becomes dimmer

•By renaissance, a lens was added and used as a drawing aid

Roll Film

•1880's

•new gelatin emulsion and roll film

•George Eastman - developed roll film production

•Kodak Camera introduced - 1888

Color Film

•Kodachrome - 1935

Heliography

•1820s, French inventor Nicephore Niepce

•the process used bitumen (an asphalt like substance)

•8 hour sunlight exposure

Daguerreotype

•1830s, French inventor Dagguerre

•highly polished silver coated on a copper plate with light sensitive silver iodide

•used mercury for development

ISO (International Standards Organization)

•Film or sensor speed

•Rating system for the amount of light needed for proper exposure

•100-200 bright sunlight

•800 + in darker light

Factors of Exposure

•Amount of light

•Duration of time

•Sensitivity of the film

Exposure

=intensity • time

Shutter/ Aperture Relationship

When combined with the sensitivity of the film, the shutter and the aperture together create the exposure for the image

High Contrast

•wide range of dark and light

•differences between highlights and shadows

Low Contrast

•small range of dark and light (tones of grey)

•no great differences between highlights and shadows

High Key

•mostly white and uses contrast or darker areas to create emphasis on the important parts

•compensate with underexposure

Low Key

•mostly black with light areas to draw emphasis

•compensate with overexposure

Aperture

The opening in the lens where light passes (think eye pupil)

Darker

You would use a bigger aperture, a small f/stop, when it is...

Shutter

•A mechanism that opens and closes to emit light into a camera for a measured amount of time

-Focal plane

-Leaf

Focal Plane

•Curtains move across the film exposing film as it

•Exposes part of the film at any one time

•The gap between the opening curtain and closing curtain is determined by the shutter speed

Sensitivity Settings

•ISO (film or sensor speed)

-Rating system for the amount of light needed for proper exposure

Higher ISO

requires less light and is faster

Lower ISO

requires more light and is slower

film speed rating doubles

the required exposure changes by a factor of 2

Working Together

•Light meter, set for the proper sensitivity needs, measures exposure needed

Compensating for various exposures

•If it's too bright, underexpose

•If it's too dark, overexpose

Selective Focus

•Set to Aperture setting

•Want low f/stop so you can let a lot of light in and focus on the subject

Depth of Field

•how much is in focus in your picture.

•bigger hole(aperture) the closer you're focusing

•the smaller smaller hole(aperture) the farther away you'll focus

Pan Action

•a shot where the moving subject is in focus and the back ground is blurred

•shot by using a slow shutter speed and moving your camera with the subject (ex:1/20)

HDR

•One regular, one over exposed, one under exposed

•Mesh them all together and get the highest highlights and the darkest shadows

Camera RAW

•Plugin available in photoshop

•Released in 2003

•Provides fast and easy access to the raw image formats produced by many leading professional and midrange digital cameras

•By working with these "digital negatives" you can achieve the results you want with greater artistic control and flexibility while still maintaining the original raw files

•can be accessed in Bridge or Photoshop

Advantages of Camera RAW

•easier and faster to make your images look good using CR than with any other method

•controls are simple, they're instantaneous, and they're totally undoable

RAW

digital negative

Common Adjustments made in CR

o White balance adjustments

o Exposure adjustments

o Sharpening or softening - clarity slider

o Fixing backlit subjects by adding fill light

o Cropping and straightening

Photoshop

•High end image editor

•Originally limited to macs

•1990- Version 1.0 released

•when released in 1990, was marketed as simple tool that anyone could use, compared to other graphics software available at the time that was aimed at specialists

File Formats for Images

JPG

TIFF

Adobe Bridge

•Organizational program for your media files

•Allows you to upload, organize, browse, locate, and view your media files

Digital Asset Management

•Refers to your entire digital photography collection and how you work with it

•Deals with the choices you make about every component of your digital photography practice

Raster images

Photos or scanned images; created by pixels where EVERY pixel contains information: bit-for-bit; continuous toned image

Vector Images

Line art- smooth no matter what the magnification is; created by geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s)

Bit Depth

Bit depth is binary calculations for the number of tones in an image, the higher the bit the more tones in the image, "bit" is the smallest unit of information

—Line art or bitmap = 0 (1bit)

—Grayscale = 8 bit

—RGB color = 24 bit

—CMYK = 36 bit

Web PPI

72

uncoated PPI

100-200

high end PPI

300

LPI

commercial offset

DPI

halftone screens

Ethics of Altering Photos

•potential to lose credibility

•unethical to alter photographs that are supposed to be depicted as truth

History of Altering Images

•As early as 1853, photographers were "adjusting" photos

•Multiple exposures composited in the darkroom. Similar to the digital practice of HDR

•"Airbrushing" people or background details out

•adding things that weren't there to start with

Photojournalism

•Has to be real, unaltered

•Ok to dodge and burn, but no other effects

Advertisements

no rules, almost always altered

main or key light

principle

Fill Light

lightens shadows from main

Accent or hair light

special effects or moods

background light

special effect or moods (not hair)

Color Temperature

•A measurement in degrees kelvin that indicates the hue of a specific type of light source

•You can use it to manipulate the mood of the scene you are shooting

Evoke Moods in Photos

•Color filters, camera angle, depth of field, lighting, black and white or sepia tone change or HDR, contrast

Digitizing Photos

Scanners (caution moirés occur when you scan a photo that's already been digitized)

Flatbed-average scanner

Drum-super sensitive to variations in color, higher quality

Film scanner - scans negatives

Photo CDs

USB

SD memory cards

External hard drive

Digital cameras

Digital video scanners

Histogram

•Pure black measurement on far left

•Pure white measurement on far right

•However high the graph is, the more shadow/light the image contains

•reveals the level of tone in an image

Short

•Key and Fill Lights

•Key light accents the side of the face away from the camera - narrows face and highlights the contours

Broad

•Key, Fill, Hair, Background

•Key light accents the side of the face toward the camera

Butterfly

•Fill, Key, Background, Highlight

•Key light centered and high enough to create an even/symmetrical shadow under the nose

Rembrant

•triangular patch of light on the leading cheek

reminiscent of Rembrandt's portrait paintings

light needs to be fairly high -- like Rembrandt's studio skylight.