Unit 1
5.0(1)
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64 Terms
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Threats to soil
\-erosion
\-pollution
\-over-cultivating (compaction)
\-global warming
\-salinization
\-urban sprawl
\-pollution
\-over-cultivating (compaction)
\-global warming
\-salinization
\-urban sprawl
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Soil
\-final product of specific pedogenic processes active at a specific site over time
\-unconsolidated mixture of mineral and inorganic material
\-more or less loose
\-unconsolidated mixture of mineral and inorganic material
\-more or less loose
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Soil Mineral Components
sand, silt, clay
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Soil Organic components
\-dead plants and animals
\-SOM, OM, Humus
\-SOM, OM, Humus
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pedosphere
\-found near earth surface
\-interacts with atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
\-interacts with atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
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5 Plant Growth factors Supplied by soil
1. Water
2. Air
3. Nutrients
4. Physical Support
5. Heat
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Main Chemical Components of Soil
\-Carbonate ion
\-Calcium Carbonate
\-Magnesium Carbonate
\-Calcium Carbonate
\-Magnesium Carbonate
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carbonate minerals
\-includes calcium, magnesium carbonates or lime
\-most common carbonate material is Calcium carbonate
\-presence verified by usage of 10% HCl
\-most common carbonate material is Calcium carbonate
\-presence verified by usage of 10% HCl
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soil profile
\-vertical section formed by distinct layers known as horizons
\-consists of a, b, and a thin slice of c for horizons
\-consists of a, b, and a thin slice of c for horizons
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Solum
\-consists of a and b horizons
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Parent Material (PM)
\-fragmented bedrock or superficial deposit
\-relatively thick in western Canada (1m to 30m thick)
\-rocks and sediments in which soils are formed
\-two types, residual and transported
\-relatively thick in western Canada (1m to 30m thick)
\-rocks and sediments in which soils are formed
\-two types, residual and transported
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soil horizon
\-horizontal and parallel to soil surface
\-properties differ from layers above and beneath
\-Each soil type has a unique horizon sequence
\-differentiated by OM content, Carbonate minerals, pH, soluble salts, fertility, roots
\-properties differ from layers above and beneath
\-Each soil type has a unique horizon sequence
\-differentiated by OM content, Carbonate minerals, pH, soluble salts, fertility, roots
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Master (Major) Mineral Horizons
A, B, C
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A horizon
\-found near soil surface
\-often maximum accumulation of OM
\-site of material removal (^^elluviation^^)
\-often maximum accumulation of OM
\-site of material removal (^^elluviation^^)
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B Horizon
\-development of soil structure
\-color change
\-deposition of material occurs here (^^illuviation^^)
\-color change
\-deposition of material occurs here (^^illuviation^^)
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C horizon
\-negligible change from PM
\-usually no structure development
\-usually no structure development
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Topsoil
\-uppermost soil zone
\-enriched with OM/humus (active zone)
\-most fertile soil zone
\-enriched with OM/humus (active zone)
\-most fertile soil zone
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subsoil
\-lower part of active soil profile
\-mostly b plus upper part of c horizon
\-less active than topsoil, plant roots are still able to access water and some nutrients
\-important for internal drainage and water percolation
\-mostly b plus upper part of c horizon
\-less active than topsoil, plant roots are still able to access water and some nutrients
\-important for internal drainage and water percolation
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Soil Suffixes Common
h, p, m, k, t, e
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h suffix
\-enriched with OM/ humus
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p suffix
\-horizon that has been disturbed by mans activities such as logging, habitation, and cultivation
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m suffix
\-change in color, or structure, or both compared to c horizon
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k suffix
\-presence of carbonate minerals
\-fizz when treated with 10% HCl
\-alkaline pH
\-fizz when treated with 10% HCl
\-alkaline pH
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2 Soil Formation processes
1. Destructive processes
ex. rock weathering, organic residues, decomposition
2. Synthetic (constructive) processes
ex. formation of clay and humus
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soils as an open system
\-additions to (inputs)
ex. energy, water, plants and animals, deposition, weathering
\-removals from (losses)
ex. energy, evaporation, erosion, leaching
\-vertical transfers
\-transformations
ex. energy, water, plants and animals, deposition, weathering
\-removals from (losses)
ex. energy, evaporation, erosion, leaching
\-vertical transfers
\-transformations
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leaching (loss)
\-removal of ions in solution (nutrients, salts dissolved in water) (washed out) below root zone
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enrichment (addition)
\-addition of material to soil body
\-addition of OM
\-addition of OM
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Eluviation (translocation, loss)
\-removal via downward transport of tiny soil particles
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e suffix
\-signifies eluviation, which is removal of soil particles
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illuviation (translocation, addition)
\-deposition of tiny soil particles removed from upper horizon
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decalcification (transformation)
\-acid reaction that remove carbonates from one or more horizons
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calcification (translocation, addition)
\-deposition of carbonate transported down from an upper horizon
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salinization (translocation, addition)
\-accumulation of soluble salts
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residual PM
\-bedrock weathers in place, loose weathered products become a soil in spot
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transported PM
\-more common PM
\-major influence of glaciers
\-glaciers melting transported loos mineral material
\-major influence of glaciers
\-glaciers melting transported loos mineral material
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Classes of Transported PM
1. Glacial till (or morainal(
2. Glacio-fluvial
3. Glacio-lacustrine
4. Eolian
5. Colluvial
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Glacial Till PM
\-deposited by glacial ice
\-contains limestone, carbonate minerals, marine shale, and other sedimentary rocks
\-variable mix of sand, silt, and clay
\-most common transported PM in Prairies
\-angular rocks present
\-contains limestone, carbonate minerals, marine shale, and other sedimentary rocks
\-variable mix of sand, silt, and clay
\-most common transported PM in Prairies
\-angular rocks present
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Glacial Till Soil characteristics
\-slightly to extremely rocky
\-majority are loamy textured
\-wave-like topography
\-often hummocky> nonlinear tops and depressions
\-rolling> linear top and depressions
\-undulating> gentle slops
\-majority are loamy textured
\-wave-like topography
\-often hummocky> nonlinear tops and depressions
\-rolling> linear top and depressions
\-undulating> gentle slops
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Glacio-Fluvial PM
\-deposited by moving melt-water within drainage channels
\-___ gravel-deposited by rapid moving water and formed by sand, grave land, and other coarse fragments (outwash)
\-___ sand- deposited by slower moving water formed by sand ranges from coarse sand to very fine sand
\-___ gravel-deposited by rapid moving water and formed by sand, grave land, and other coarse fragments (outwash)
\-___ sand- deposited by slower moving water formed by sand ranges from coarse sand to very fine sand
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Glacio-fluvial soil characteristics
\-high in sand content (sandy/coarse texture group)
\-silt high with some clay content
\-poor moisture retention therefore susceptible to drought and wind erosion
\-good drainage and aeration
\-high leaching potential
\-topography- lower slops, winding
\-silt high with some clay content
\-poor moisture retention therefore susceptible to drought and wind erosion
\-good drainage and aeration
\-high leaching potential
\-topography- lower slops, winding
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Glacio-Lacustrine PM
\-deposited by stagnant melt-water collected in drainage basins (glacial lakes)
\-high in clay with lots of silt (clay/fine textured)
\-very few to no coarse fragments
\-high in clay with lots of silt (clay/fine textured)
\-very few to no coarse fragments
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Glacio-Lacustrine Soil Characteristics
\-high in clay content
\-few to no stones
\-often level/ flat topography
\-hold high amounts of water
\-most productive soils for annual crops
\-susceptible to compaction
\-poor drainage/aeration
\-few to no stones
\-often level/ flat topography
\-hold high amounts of water
\-most productive soils for annual crops
\-susceptible to compaction
\-poor drainage/aeration
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Eolian (or Aeolian) PM
\-after glaciers melted wind deposits were utilized
\-deposited by wind (highly sorted)
\-dominated by sand size particles (most commonly) or silt particles (known as loess)
\-form active or inactive dunes
\-deposited by wind (highly sorted)
\-dominated by sand size particles (most commonly) or silt particles (known as loess)
\-form active or inactive dunes
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Eolian Soil Characteristics
\-Silt, very fine sand, fine sand, and medium sand
\-little to no clay present
\-no coarse fragments therefore highly susceptible to wind erosion
\-lower productivity and fragile ecosystem
\-little to no clay present
\-no coarse fragments therefore highly susceptible to wind erosion
\-lower productivity and fragile ecosystem
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Colluvium PM
\-Deposited by gravity (unsorted PM)
\-found in coulee bottoms, bases of hills, and in mountainous areas
\-may bury existing soils
\-material deposited before gravity induced movement
\-found in coulee bottoms, bases of hills, and in mountainous areas
\-may bury existing soils
\-material deposited before gravity induced movement
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Colluvium Soil Characteristics
\-”young” stage of soil development
\-may be associated with buried soil horizons (Ahb)
\-Not stable, and not widely distributed
\-may be associated with buried soil horizons (Ahb)
\-Not stable, and not widely distributed
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soil properties directly affected by PM
1. texture
2. pH
3. Fertility
4. Salinity
5. Topography (landform)
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Texture from PM
\-Coarse-grained PM> produces sandy soils
\-Fine-grained PM> produces clayey soils
\-characteristics affect porosity, water retention, drainage, leaching, compaction, erosion, fertility
\-Fine-grained PM> produces clayey soils
\-characteristics affect porosity, water retention, drainage, leaching, compaction, erosion, fertility
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Water-holding capacity
ability of soil to store water against gravity
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pH from PM
\-Alkaline is most prominent because of amounts of naturally present finely ground limestone (free-lime)
\-Free-lime present in the form of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and lesser amounts in Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)
\-Free-lime present in the form of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and lesser amounts in Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)
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fertility by PM (prairie specific)
\-due to high amounts of free-lime, Ca and Mg fertilizers are hardly ever needed
\-K maintenance is often kept due to amount taken in by the soil.
\-PM affects all plant essential nutrients EXCEPT for Nitrogen
\-K maintenance is often kept due to amount taken in by the soil.
\-PM affects all plant essential nutrients EXCEPT for Nitrogen
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salinity by pm
\-PM high in salt content (ex. marine shale) is a direct source this characteristic
\-not all PM have soluble salts, but where they occur this can develop
\-not all PM have soluble salts, but where they occur this can develop
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topography by PM
\-different PM causes change in landform
\-affects runoff and drainage/aeration
\-steepness of slope influences potential for water erosion
\-affects runoff and drainage/aeration
\-steepness of slope influences potential for water erosion
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climate and soil
\-MOST influential factor
\-controls chemical, physical, and biological processes
\-determines kind and amount of vegetation
2 major components are:
1. temperature
2. moisture
\-controls chemical, physical, and biological processes
\-determines kind and amount of vegetation
2 major components are:
1. temperature
2. moisture
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temperature affects
\-increase causes the rate of soil formation to increase
\-soils in warmer climates usually develop deeper profiles
\-soils in warmer climates usually develop deeper profiles
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moisture affects
\-semi-arid conditions result in a slower rate of soil formation
\-dry soil profiles not as deep as in humid regions
\-affects kind and amount of vegetative cover (SOM accumulation)
\-dry soil profiles not as deep as in humid regions
\-affects kind and amount of vegetative cover (SOM accumulation)
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western canada soil
\-precipitation slightly increases, temp. decreases, SOM of Ah horizon increases from brown to black soil zones
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organisms influence
\-SOM accumulation in the grassland
\-Soil structure porosity
\-pH> ex. forested soils are generally more acidic
\-fertility> grassland are more fertile
\-nutrient cycling> grassland or forested
\-Soil structure porosity
\-pH> ex. forested soils are generally more acidic
\-fertility> grassland are more fertile
\-nutrient cycling> grassland or forested
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topography parts
\-elevation> vertical distance
\-slope> angle which any part of the earths surface make with a horizontal surface
\-aspect> direction of the slope surface relative to the points of the compass (S, N, W, or E)
\-slope> angle which any part of the earths surface make with a horizontal surface
\-aspect> direction of the slope surface relative to the points of the compass (S, N, W, or E)
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topography affects on soil development
\-differential erosion and moisture content because of differences in elevation slope
\-modify the effects of macroclimate of a site specific basis, creating a microclimate
\-shoulder slopes have thinner profiles
\-lower slopes have thicker profiles as it receives soil material from upper slopes
\-modify the effects of macroclimate of a site specific basis, creating a microclimate
\-shoulder slopes have thinner profiles
\-lower slopes have thicker profiles as it receives soil material from upper slopes
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aspect of slope
\-affects temperature and rate of evapotranspiration which regulates moisture content and affects soil development
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groundwater affects
\-groundwater travels and it can potentially transport Na+ and/or soluble salts
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time affects
\-degree of weathering
\-presence of carbonates can indicate young soil
\-presence of carbonates can indicate young soil
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man affects
\-increasingly modified to suit mankind needs
\-regular addition of manure over time in western europe has produced a thick a horizon
\-sea draining
\-regular addition of manure over time in western europe has produced a thick a horizon
\-sea draining