cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

dorsal stream

where and how to

parietal lobe

analyzes motion and spatial relationships

ventral stream

what/object processing

analyzes forms, color, size, textures

assigns meaning

temporal lobe

M1 is in

precentral gyrus

S1 is in

post central gyrus

FEF is in

middle frontal gyrus

superior temporal gyrus is in

A1

cuneate and lingual gyrus is in

V1

cortical columns

all sensory systems are organized in a vertical column network

somatotopic, retinotopic, tonotopic

frontal lobe

M1

broca's area

FEF

premotor area

supplementary motor area

DLPFC

orbital frontal cortex

broca's area right

frontal lobe

prosody of speech (different tones for different meaning)

broca's area left

frontal lobe

motor output of speech

FEF

frontal lobe

conjugate contralateral gaze center

premotor area

frontal lobe

sensory motor integration

initiation of a motor action

supplementary motor area

frontal lobe

memory guided movements

DLPFC

frontal lobe

executive functions, problem solving, attention

orbital frontal cortex

frontal lobe

limbic connections

social behaviors

reward judgements (delaying)

parietal lobe

S1

association areas (integration of inputs)

wernicke's area

angular gyrus

dorsal stream

wernicke's area left

parietal/temporal lobe

language comprehension

wernickes area right

parietal/temporal lobe

music <33

angular gyrus

parietal lobe

spatial cognition

left/right discrimination

math (lateralized to left)

temporal lobe

wernicke's area

A1

parahippocampal gyrus

uncus

fusiform gyrus

ventral stream

parahippocampal gyrus

temporal lobe

learning memory

entorhinal cortex

hippocampus

papez circuit

what is the 1st sign in alzheimer's disease?

deficits in entorhinal cortex

responsible for spatial memory

fusiform gyrus

temporal lobe

facial recognition

occipital lobe

V1

watershed infarct

ischemic lesions that occur at the juctions of 2 major arteries

decreased perfusion in the distal ends of the vascular territories (low flow states)

cortical/subcortical zones are vulnerable

MCA stroke would cause

speech difficulty, proximal weakness, vision loss, semantic/declarative memory loss

insular cortex

integrates information to develop awareness of self

awareness of bodies, emotions to create perception of self

insular differences in diverse conditions including

autism, alzheimers, schizophrenia, avoidant behaviors (chronic pain and vertigo)

limbic system

subcortical structures

response to emotions/stress and affective behaviors

learning and memory, autonomic responses, endocrine responses

"rim" around corpus collusum

amygdala

subcortical structure

behavioral changes in response to stress, learned behaviors based on reward/punishment, and fear conditioning

input from VTA (dopamine) and raphe nuclei (serotonin)

hippocampus

subcortical structure

learning and memory (declarative)

process of making memories

anterior cingulate gyrus

emotions

reward based on cognitive decision making

motor behaviors in response to emotional state

posterior cingulate gyrus

visuospatial orientation

imagination

episodic memory formation

basic emotion theories

basic emotions have a distinct representation or circuity in the brain

dimensional emotion theories

emotions occur through a combination of pathways activating in different ways and amounts

superior longitudinal fasciculus

consists of arcuate fasiculus and parietal-front connections

arcuate fasciculus

speech and sound production

parietal-frontal connections

sensory motor integration related to executive functions

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

occipital to inferior temporal lobe

white matter for ventral stream

cingulum

within cingulate gyrus

pass through parahippocampal gyrus

limbic system

what is the largest white matter bundle?

corpus callosum

responsible for interhemispheric connections

corpus callosum

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain

alien hand syndrome

rare syndrome marked by involuntary and uncontrollable motor behaviors

caused by damage to the corpus collosum

self injurious, deny ownership, function, conflict

what supplies the corpus callosum?

ACA and PCA

diffuse axonal injury

shearing or tearing of axons that disrupts or destroys function

diffuse axonal injury examples

localized injury

skull fx compressing brain tissue

coup-contracoup

areas affected during diffuse axonal injury

midline white matter

corpus callosum

internal capsule

brain stem white matter

cerebellar peduncles

central processing

integrating information from all modalities

layers of cortex allow for communication between lobes and areas

damage to the vermis impacts the

vestibulospinal reflex

truncal and gait ataxia

damage to the cerebellum impacts the

VOR

loss of gaze stabilization

how does motion sickness occur?

conflicting visual and vestibular information can cause nausea and vomitting

input from vestibular nuclei dumps excess neurotransmitters into the area postrema

is there a primary vestibular cortex?

nawr

integrated with somatosensory and visual inputs to develop a sense of self in space and self in motion in space

alien hand variant 1

SMA, cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum

impulsive groping

compulsive manipulation

difficulty releasing objects

aware the limb belongs but cannot control movement

typically dominant hand

alien hand variant 2

anterior 1/3 or rostrum

inter-manual conflict

no weakness

alien hand variant 3

thalamic, posterior lateral parietal, and occipital

denying ownership

less skilled motor activity (non-purposeful)

sensory deficits