World History Final FULL

Adam Smith

economist who wrote “The Wealth of Nations”

David Riccardo

economist who wrote “The Iron Law of Wages”

Thomas Malthus

economist who wrote “Essay on the Population”

Karl Marx

radical German philosopher who predicted that the working class would take over

wrote that history would be a struggle between the haves and have nots

predicted that communism would haunt Europe

Communism

classless society in which money, work, and land is shared

Assembly Line

method that breaks down a large complex job into a series of smaller, easier jobs

Henry Ford

used the assembly line in the 1900s to produce cars

Sadler Report

written by a member of British Parliament to expose child labor and poor working conditions in factories

James Watt

invented the steam engine which was used to power boats and trains

Thomas Edison

invented the lightbulb

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Imperialism

domination of one nation over the political, economic, and cultural life of another nation

Colony

area that is controlled by an outside power

Africa

before 1800s was called the “unknown continent'“ and was under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who went to Africa and stayed for 30 years

David Livingstone extra

first European to travel from East to West in Africa

wrote about the geography and social life in Africa

spoke out against slavery and helped end slave trade

Henry Stanley

American reporter that was sent to find Livingstone after he stopped keeping in touch with Europe

Henry Stanley extra

Discovered the Congo River which goes across Africa

Found Livingstone after 2 years and carried on his work

Suez Canal

waterway through Egypt that was built by France but was taken over by England

Suez Canal extra

Links the Mediterranean and Red Sea

Main sea route from Europe to India and Asia

Called the “Lifeline of the British Empire”

Japan’s society

based on the feudal system

Samurai

highest warrior class in Japan that followed the Bushido Code

Peasants (Japan)

middle and largest class

Merchants (Japan)

lowest class

Matthew Perry

Commodore who went to Japan to open trade talks

gave Japan one year to decide on trade or else the U.S. would attack

Opium War

began after England traded opium from India to China for various goods

Cause of the Opium War

China’s government outlawed opium and destroyed millions of dollars worth

Opium War Results

England declared war on China and defeated them

acquired Hong Kong, and forced China to agree to several unequal treaties

Open Door Policy

U.S. called for China to open trade to all nations on an equal basis

Nationalism

pride or love of one’s country

Militarism

glorification of military and readiness to go to war

Alliances (as a cause of WW1)

divided Europe into 2 armed camps

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(heir to the Austrian throne) was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914

Gavrilo Princip

member of a Serbian Nationalist group who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand leading to the outbreak of WW1

Schlieffen Plan

strategy used by Germany to try to quickly defeat France before Russia could mobilize

stalemate

many losses but neither side was winning

contraband

weapons or supplies sent by a neutral nation to a nation at war - sent by U.S. to the Allies

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by Germany

Results of the sinking of the Lusitania

1200 died - 128 were Americans

U.S. warned Germany but did not enter the war

Battle of Verdun

longest battle of WW1 that lasted 10 months

Major German offensive against the French

Battle of Verdun Results and Significance

French victory saved Verdun from takeover and boosted French morale

800,000 casualties on both sides

Battle of the Somme (3)

largest and most destructive battle of WW1

Main Allied offensive against Germany

Over 3 million soldiers fought on both sides

Battle of Somme Result

over 1 million casualties

Harlem Hellfighters

members of NY National Guard who were the first African-American military unit

spent more time in combat than other U.S. troops and helped the Allies defeat Germany

Czar Nicholas II

last Czar who was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917 in WW1

Woodrow Wilson

Wrote the “14 Points” which was about the U.S. war goals and his plans for post-war peace

Armsitice of WW1 plus date

November 11, 1918

Armistice = cease fire - agreement to stop fighting until a treaty is signed

Treaty of Versailles

Allies treaty with Germany

War Guilt Clause

Germany was held responsible for the war and was punished

Reparations Def and ToV Context

Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies

Reparations - payments for war damages

Germany’s colonies ToV

lost colonies and had to reduce their military

Austria and Hungary ToV

became separate nations

Poland and Czechoslovakia ToV

became independent nations

League of Nations

organization established to maintain peace and solve world problems

Fascism

dictatorship of state over people through force and censorship

Benito Mussolini (6)

called “Il Duce” (the leader)

WW1 veteran and extreme nationalist

Began as Prime Minister but overthrew the government and took over as dictator

Promised to revive Roman greatness

Disbanded all other political parties

Used propaganda to make him look like a hero

Benito Mussolini events

“March on Rome” - led troops into Rome and began his rule of terror

Invaded Ethiopia and Albana (weak countries) to make Italy look strong

Benito Mussolini Army

Black Shirt Army that used violence to stop any opposition

Slogan of Italian people for Mussolini

“believe, obey, fight…Mussolini is always right”

Weimar Republic

5 man branch of government that was weak and unpopular

ruled from the end of WW1 until Hitler took over

Adolf Hitler (background)

called “Der Fuhrer” (the leader)

Born in Austria, then moved to Germany before WW1

Fought for Germany in WW1 and was a war hero

Adolf Hitler before WW2 (4)

after WW1 was angry about Treaty of Versailles and that Germany lost the war

Associated with the Weimar Republic and then plotted to overthrow them

1923 - led 2,000 Nazis to try to overthrow the Republic but failed and was arrested for treason

Took over as dictator and had total control

How did Adolf Hitler rise to power

Capitalized on Germany’s search for a leader and was appointed chancellor

good speaker and actor

blamed Jews and Communists for Germany’s problems

wanted revenge for WW1 and Treaty of Versailles

Adolf Hitler Army

Brown Shirt Army - aka Stormtroopers

Gestapo

secret police that used brutal methods to carry out Hitler’s plans

USSR

= Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) - new name of Russia after the revolution

Joseph Stalin (4)

leader of Soviet Union and Communist Party 1924-1953

Influenced by Karl Marx and Marx’s writings about Communism

Early 1900s - arrested several times for organizing labor strikes and was exiled to Siberia

Changed his last name to Stalin which means “steel” in Russian

Joseph Stalin Army

took charge of Red Army during the revolution of 1917

Joseph Stalin pre-WW2 (8)

Held various positions in Russian government before he tookover

Lenin was considering removing Stalin from the government before he died

Goal - make the S.U. a modern industrialized nation

5 Year Plan - his program for economic growrth

Very paranoid - led a reign of terror against anyone who opposed him

Those who opposed him were executed or sent to Siberia

20 million people were killed during his rule

Helped make the Soviet Union into a major world power

Axis Powers

= Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis - alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan

Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by

“anschluss” - annexation of Austria by Germany

Remilitarizing German and starting the draft

Appeasement

giving into demands in order to keep peace

Appeasement in context of WW2

England and France practiced appeasement when dealing/negotiating with Hitler

Nazi-Soviet Pact

non-aggression agreement between Hitler and Stalin

Nazi-Soviet Pact Result

Hitler (Ger) and Stalin (S.U.) agreed not to attack each other and to divide Poland

Significance of Nazi-Soviet Pact

Hitler could attack Poland without Soviet interference

Final Solution

Hitler’s plan to eliminate the Jewish population of Europe

Holocaust (2)

systematic murder of Jewish people by the Nazis

Nazis forced Jewish people into concentration camps

Genocide in the context of the Holocaust

over 6 million Jewish people were killed

Blitzkrieg

= “lightning war” - German strategy of using air raids and armored attacks to quickly defeat their targets

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of England who refused to surrender to Hitler and turned to the U.S. for help

Pearl Harbor plus date

12/7/1941 - U.S. navy base in Hawaii was attacked by Japan

Results of Pearl Harbor

U.S. Pacific fleet was destroyed

2500 Americans were killed and over 2000 were injured

FDR quote: “A date which will live in infamy”

U.S. declared war on Japan and entered the war on the Allies’ side

island hopping

U.S. strategy of defeating islands in the Pacific one by one on the way to Japan

Battle of Midway

first major turning point for the U.S. against Japan when the U.S. defeated Japan and stopped their advance toward Hawaii

D-Day (3)

June 6, 1944 -

Allied invasion against Germany in Normandy, France led by U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower

over 150,000 troops invaded - largest sea invasion in historyD

D-Day Significance

ended Nazi rule in France

Battle of the Bulge

Allies defeated Germany along the borders of Belgium and France

Yalta Conference

Big 3 Allies met to discuss the future of Europe and the division of Germany after the war

Big 3 Allies = FDR, Churchill, and Stalin

Yalta Conference Result

Stalin promised to help the U.S. against Japan AND allow free government in Poland and Eastern Europe

V-E Day

= Victory in Europe Day - Germany surrendered (May 7, 1945)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities that the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on

Hiroshima

1st bomb - over 70,000 died but Japan did not surrender

Nagasaki

2nd bomb - over 40,000 died, Japan surrendered, and WW2 ended