heredity (5)

good luck

diploid cell

cell has two sets of chromosomes

haploid cell

single set of chromosomes

sex cells or gametes are

haploid

gene

a piece of dna that codes for a specific trait

locus

position of gene on a chromosome

homozygous

two identical alleles

heterozygous

two different alleles

phenotype

physical appearance of organism

genotype

genetic makeup of organism

law of dominance

One trait masks the effects of another trait.

law of segregation

alleles separate and one is given to the offspring

law of independent assortment

Each pair of homologous chromosomes splits independently, so the alleles of different genes can mix and match.

monohybrid cross ratio for phenotype

3:1

monohybrid cross ratio for genotypes

1:2:1

phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross

9:3:3:1

test cross

test if genotype is heterozygous or homozygous using homozygous recessive

linked genes

genes located close together on the same chromosome, causing them to be inherited together

Incomplete dominance

traits blend

sex linked genes

genes on sex chromosomes

Codominance

both alleles are equally expressed

Polygenic inheritance:

one phenotype resulting from the interaction of many genes

Non-nuclear inheritance:

mitochondrial inheritance is always from maternal line

pleiotrophy

one gene → one protein → many phenotypes

epistasis

the expression of a gene is regulated by another gene

universal donor

o-

universal receiver

ab+

in order, if rh factor is not present, if rh factor is present, will it be neg or pos

neg, pos

antigen

protein present on the surface of red blood cell