INS3003 Final

Who has the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world? Who has the second largest?

Russia has the largest and the US has the second largest.

What are three possible reasons why we don't use our nuclear weapons?

1. They are destructive
2. Battlefield Utility
3. They are wrong/immoral

Once you have a military industrial complex, the _____________ become the norm.

new weapons

Do countries go backwards in terms of firepower?

no, they increase firepower and precision

All weapons are designed to be _____________.

destructive

The US used ___________, or incendiary devices, in Dresden and Hamburg.

firebombs

How many people were killed when the firebomb was dropped on Dresden?

35,000

How many people were killed when the firebomb was dropped on Hamburg?

50,000

Firebombs relayed the destructiveness of _________.

World War 2

What is a daisy cutter?

a device put on bombs so they explode before impact, more deadly because ground can’t absorb impact

What is the MOAB?

Mother of All Bombs; biggest bomb we have

Do all nuclear weapons have battlefield utility?

yes

Most powers believed that _______________________ was the way we were going and looked for smaller impact weapons.

thermonuclear weapons

Why did most powers start to look for smaller impact weapons?

they were more precise

What did the powers turning to smaller impact weapons lead to?

tactical nuclear weapons that could fit on artillery shells, torpedos, etc.

Who came up with the "Nuclear Taboo" concept?

Nina Tannenwald

What is the nuclear taboo?

speaking of the use of or actually using nuclear weapons

According to Tannenwald, did most people know that the bombs were destructive?

no, it took dropping them to know

What percent of the American population agreed immediately after WW2 with the United States' decision of drop the bombs on Japan?

80%

What were the reasons why Americans approved on bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

1. Tensions were running high.
2. Pearl Harbor attack
3. Japanese were not prone to surrendering.
4. The bombs could shorten the war and save lives.

What was the immediate death toll of Hiroshima?

70,000

By the end of 1945, how many people had died from the Hiroshima bombing?

140,000

By 1950, how many people died as a result of Hiroshima?

200,000

What cause American generals to stop believing nuclear weapons would become the mainstay of war?

the death toll

What was Hiroshima chosen by the Americans to be bombed?

1. It was surrounded by mountains.
2. It was one of the few places that hadn't been bombed.

What caused people to keep dying after the Hiroshima bombing?

radiation

What happened to countries' policies regarding nuclear weapons as nuclear weapons were considered "taboo?"

they became challenged

What were the five effects on policies regarding nuclear weapons?

1. targeting citizens discriminately became illegal
2. Biological Weapons Convention
3. Chemical Weapons Convention
4. NPT
5. discussions of disarmament

When was the use of gas in war prohibited?

1925

What year was the Biological Weapons Convention held?

1972

What year was the Chemical Weapons Convention held?

1973

What is the NPT?

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

When was the NPT created?

1968

What did the NPT try to do?

it was an effort to control nuclear weapons, not ban them

Which two countries negotiated the NPT?

US and Soviets

Which countries have not ratified the NPT?

India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, and South Sudan

Of the four countries that have not ratified the NPT, which countries are nuclear powers?

India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel

The US, GB, France, Russia, and China are recognized as nuclear weapons under the NPT who have agreed to ____________, meaning they agree to not help others become nuclear powers.

non-use

Countries that have signed the NPT undergo ______________.

monitoring

Why won't disarmament happen?

the nuclear powers will not agree because there is security with weapons

Do nuclear powers trust giving up weapons to other states? Why?

no because it leaves them vulnerable

Instead of disarmament, the focus has shifted to ___________.

deterrence

What issues does deterrence have?

1. You have to have a lot of nuclear weapons for it to work
2. You need a nuclear triad

What are second-strike capabilities?

a country's ability to survive a first strike and retaliate

What is a nuclear triad?

a country's ability to have nuclear weapons on land, in the sea, and in the air

What was proposed as a reaction to extreme buildup of nuclear weapons?

arms control

When was arms control proposed?

after the Cuban missile crises

What was the goal of arms control?

a balance of capabilities

What is relative parity?

when there is a balance in nuclear capabilities that two states could kill each other

What was the main idea of arms control?

maintaining mutual vulnerability

What did arms control lead us into?

MAD (mutual assured destruction)

According to those who support arms control, maintaining vulnerability would offset the chances of what? Why?

it would offset the chance of nuclear war because states are rational powers who calculate risks

What won out over extreme buildup of nuclear weapons?

arms control

What was the Partial Test Ban Treaty?

it banned atmospheric testing in 1963

With the ratification of the NPT, there is an emphasis on ___________________.

arms control

What was SALT 1?

the first of two of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks held in 1968

What was the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty?

treaty passed in 1972 that limited ICBM interceptors

What are ICMBs?

intercontinental ballistic missiles

What are ICBM interceptors?

missiles that intercepted nuclear weapons from one country to another

Under which presidential administration did the US leave the ABM Treaty?

Bush 41

What was SALT 2?

treaty made in 1979 that limited the development of new ICBMs

Was SALT 2 ratified by Congress?

no

What was the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty?

treaty made in 1996 that banned the testing of nuclear weapons

In theory, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty should prevent ____________.

development

What was START?

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks had the intention of reducing the numbers of nuclear weapons

The START talks led us from MAD to _____.

MAP

What is MAP?

Mutual Assured Protection

What does MAP emphasize?

building defensive capabilities

What does nuclear proliferation mean?

the spread of offensive nuclear technology

What is the concern behind countries seeking nuclear weapons?

some countries' motives don't look so good (NK and Iran)

Why doesn't North Korea's intentions behind developing nuclear weapons look so good?

NK is threatening and belligerent

Why doesn't Iran's intentions behind developing nuclear weapons look so good?

Iran's leaders have engaged in dangerous rhetoric

What theory was dominant during the Cold War?

realism

Why is decolonization seen as a threat to global security?

new states could become nuclear powers and might not adhere to deterrence or become vulnerable powers

States that practice deterrence have to have:

1. strong, stable governments
2. advanced technology
3. modern communications
4. large stockpiles that are widely dispersed
5. maintain second strike capability
6. precautions against sabotage and accidents
7. strong security measures

Why are norms important?

they shape our behavior

What do norms dictate to states?

what is within the realm of acceptable behavior

What is SDI?

Strategic Defense Initiative was proposed by Reagan in 1983 that focused on protecting the US from ICBMs via lasers (contradicting the AMB Treaty)

What argument also falls in line with post-Cold War projections?

the clash of civilizations

Why did Huntington predict that there would be potential conflict?

the world we were moving into was fundamentally different

On what level would the conflict occur?

the civilization level

What is Huntington's definition of civilization?

the highest cultural grouping of people at the broadest level of cultural identity that people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species; defined by both common objective elements (language, history, religion, customs, and institutions) and by the subjective self identification of people

When Huntington predicted a clash of civilization was he looking at it in terms of culture or on the state level?

culture

Huntington recognizes people have a lot of different ______________.

identities

How many definite civilizations are there?

7

Which of Huntington's groupings is thought to be a possible civilization?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Which of Huntington's groupings is referred to as a civilization but may not be one?

Buddhist

Why isn't Ethiopia included in any of Huntington's civilizations?

it is largely Christian

Why isn't Turkey included in any of Huntington's civilizations?

it does not fit in the Islamic world of Western world

What stages have conflict gone through according to Huntington?

princes to peoples to ideologies to civilizations

What were conflicts between princes?

wars of elites and nobles, for prestige and territory, enhance empires and power

What were conflicts between people?

nationalism, nation-state system, and the formation of citizen armies

What are examples of conflicts between people?

French Revolution, Franco-Prussian War, WW1

What are conflicts between ideologies?

communism and fascism vs. democracy

What are examples of conflicts between ideologies?

Western Civil Wars, WW2, Cold War

Why does Huntington disagree with the end of history?

1. There is a new stage in conflict
2. Democracy is a Western concept and developed naturally.
3. Democracy may not be a natural fit for everyone
4. Focus will shift beyond the Western world.

Why isn't Huntington a neoliberal when it comes to globalization?

1. Globalization has weakened local/national identities but enhanced out civilizational identities.
2. Globalization has made us more aware of our differences.

What causes a rise in religious fundamentalism with regards to globalization?

once we start to see the differences in each other's civilizations, we retreat back into our culture

What current issue would Huntington point out a civilizational context?

immigration (Mexican immigrants vs. Canadian immigrants)

Familiarity breeds ________.

contempt