Cell differentiation

How long does it take for the blastocyst to form?

It takes 5 days

What is the difference between the inner cell mass and the outer cells of the blastocyst?

The inner cell mass build the entire animal while the outer creates placenta and other supporting tissues

What has to occur for a pregnancy to be officially initiated?

When the embryo implants into the wall of the uterus

Describe the basic progression of development after the 3 germ layers are formed

Cell grows and moves more, form a neural tube, turns and appendages bud out, the rough silhouette forms, the head and eye form, and eventually an embryo forms. Months later the baby is born.

What are the stages of embryonic development in order?

Merula, blastula, and gastrula

List the 4 extra-embryonic membranes that form from the outer cells of the embryo and the functions they provide the embryo with

The amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion. All provide the embryo protection, nutrients, waste exchange, and regulation of gases and air

how is cell differentiation different from cell division

Differentiation is when a generic cell turns into a specific type of cell, while division is just the creation of an identical cell. Differentiation is meiosis while division is mitosis.

What is totipotent?

A single cell has the capability of developing into any kind of cell

What is pluripotent?

When a cell can differentiate into several different cell types

Why are biologists interested in pluripotent/totipotent cells?

They can replace any damaged cell in the body

3 general types of cells in a mature organism

Germ cells, socratic cells, and adult stem cells.

What are adult stem cells?

Engage in cell differentiation around several areas of the body.

Dedifferentiation

When specialized cells become more basic. Involved in the regeneration of limbs in animal cells, in which new basic cells then differentiate into new specialized cells

What types of mature body cells come endoderms?

Lung cell (alveolar cell), thyroid cell, and pancreatic cell

What types of mature body cells come from mesoderms?

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, tubule (kidney), red blood cells, and smooth muscle (in gut)

What types of mature body cells come from ectoderms?

Skin cells (epidermis), neurons (brain), and pigment cells

What kind of cells do zygotes and early embryos have?

Totipotent cells

What is the purpose of the blastocyst?

To develop the embryo

What is unique about planarians?

They can regenerate much better than most beings. All cells act as a stem cell, allowing to to regrow most of its body.

What are irradiated animals?

animals that have no stem cells

What are the only cells that can divide in a planarian?

The stem cells