anatomy and phyisology 2: unit 2: lymphatic system and immunity

absorb excess interstitial fluid andretunr it to the blood. als oto remove proteins, tissue debris, microbes from the interstitial spaces. absorb fat from the digestive system. help fight infections

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

lymph

interstitial fluid that have enters the lymphatic vessels

lymphatic vessels

vessels that transport lymph ad return it to the blood stream

lymphatic tissues and organs

where lymphocytes originate, mature, and reside after maturity

lymph capillaries

similar to blood capillaries, but they are more permeable

no basement membrane bu there us ct around the lymph capillaries

does lymph have a basement membrane?

lymph capillaries cells

held in place by c.t. strings 'anchoring filament' . like little drainage pipes in the tissues

large lymph vessels

receive lymph from lymphatic capilarries. similar to veins in anatomy but havethinner walls. many have valves tp keep the lymph flowing in one direction

3 liters and it must be return back to the blood

how much lymph is produced daily?

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

to what 2 ducts does the lymph in the body flow towards to return lymph to the blood?

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from the right sideo fthe head, arm and thorax. empties lymph into the right subclavian vein nad fluid gets back tot he blood

right subclavian vein

what vein does the right lymphatic duct empty its lymph into?

thoracic duct

travels thru the thorax. begins as enlarged lymphatic vessel: cistema cyli

cistma cyli

elarged lymphatic vessel . below the diaphragm that receives lymph from all body regions below it and everything below the waist

travels thru the thorax receiving lymph from the left side of the head, arm and thorax

where does the thoracic duct travel thru and receive lymph from?

empties lymph at the left subclavian vein

where deos the thoracic lymph empty lymph at?

valves, skeeltal muscle cx, pressure changes during breathing, and continous formation of lymph

how do we get lymph back to the blood without any pump?

prevents backflow of lymph

how do valves help with getting lymph back to the blood?

skeletal muscle contraction keeps lymph flowing against gravity

how does skeletal muscle pump help with getting lymph back to the blood?

inhaling increase abdomen pressure to decrease thorax pressure to move lymph

how do pressure changes during breathing help with getting lymph back to the blood?

as more is made, tit pushes others along the lymph already in those vessels keeping things moving

how does continuous formation of lymph help with getting lymph back to the blood?

primary lymphatic organs

where lymphocytes originate and mature

secondary lymphatic organs

where lymphocytes reside after maturation

lymphocytes

consist of b and t cells

b cells

produce antibodies

cytotoxic t cells

kills specific abnormal body cells

helper t cells

Th cells, activate b cell and tc cells

1.must become immunocommetent
2. must become selt tolerent

what are the 2 processes that lymphocyte maturation involves?

immunocompetent

lymphocytes develop the ability to respond to one antigen
develop antigen receptors for one antigen on the surface of the cell

self tolerance

lymphocytes unreactive to self cell and tissues, these are tested to make sure that they don't react to self cells and if they do they are destroyed

red bone marrow and thyus gland

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

red bone marrow

primary lymphatic organ
all rbc's, wbc's, and platelets originate here
b cells also mature here

thymus gland

in the mediastinum and produces hormones essential to t call maturation
all t cells mature here
decreases in size as a person ages

lymph nodes, spleen, mucus associated lymhatic tissue

what are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

whre lymphocytes reside after maturation
usually a lot of reticular c.t. with lots of lymphocytes and macrophages
that can can trap antigens phagocytize and initiate immune response

macrophages

monocytes that have left the blood stream, enlarged, and roam the body and phagocytize microbes, tissue debris

lymph nodes

located along the lymphatic vessels
450-600 in the body
filter the lymph
found in the neck, armpit

to filter the lymph by trapping antigens, phagocytizing stuff and initiating immune responses

what is the purpose of lymph nodes?

neck, armpit, iliac region

where are lymph nodes usually found?

several afferent lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to lymph node but only around 2 efferent vessels that carry lymph away and the lymph movesreally slowly through the nodes to filter

what is the anatomy of lymph nodes?

spleen

around 5 in long located inthe LUQ
filters the blood and cleans it
one artery going in and one vein going out

like trying to stitch two pieces of jelly back together

what is a rutpured spleen hard to stitch back up?

splenectomy

removal of the spleen. high risk of infection in the blood

septecema

infection of the blood

mesh splenorrhapy

sack around the spleen to stop bleeding and heal

mucosal associated lymphatic tissue

lymphatic tissue scattered about in mucus membranes
used to prevent microbial invasion thru the mucus membranes

tonsils, adnoids, appendix, peyers, patches, scattered in other mucus membranes

what are some of the tissues associated with mucosal associated lymphatic tissue?

immunity

ability to resist disease or damage thru the internal or external threats based on your own body's mechanisms
innate and adaptive

innate immune response

inborn, does not improve over time, no memory and doesnt remember previous exposures, non specific, no specific cells to response to the spec. antigens

adaptive immune response

developes over time in repsonse to exposures f different pathogens and specific antigens, has memory and remembers previous exposures making subsequent exposures faster and easier to respond to. specific cells that are specific to certain antigens

1. perimeter defenses
2. counter attack
3. specific defense

what are the 3 lines of defense against antigens?

perimeter defenses

prevent entry of microbes into the body
skin, mucus, tears, hair, sneeizing and coughing, antimicrobial, urine, sweat, acidic ph, chemicals in these things as well

counter attack

ways to destroy the enemy before causing disease or damage
has 4 parts to it
non specific

1.cellular counterattack
2. chemical counter attack
3. thermal counterattack
4. reinforcements

what are the 4 parts of he counter attack?

cellular counter attack

cells that kill enemy before the singificant disease and damamge
part of the non specific counter attack

chemical counter attack

chemicals designed to kill the enemy before cuasing significant diease or damage
part ofthe nonspecific counter attack

thermal counter attack

fever
part of the nonspecific counter attack

reinforcements

inflammation, call in the help
part ofthe non specific counter attack

macrophges, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophage activity, natural killer cells

what are some cells of the non specifc cellular counter attack?

self cells

have major histcompatabiloity complex markers on the pm
own body cells have mhc on them that are genetically determined
how the body knows that these are thier cells

class 1 and 2

what are the two kinds of MHC markers?

on all body cells except the rbc's because they have no self id tags and that is why we can do transfusions

describe class 1 mch markers

only on the antigen presenting cells

describe class 2 mch markers

antigen presenting cells

3 types of them, activate helper t cells

macrophages, b cells, and dendtritic cells
they have class 1 and 2 but they are the only cells with class 2

what are the 3 types of antigen presenting cells?

it does 3 things:
1. kills the cell by phagocytosis
2. calls for reinforcements: secreting interleukine 1
3. they do antigen presentation

what occurs when a macrophage encoutners a nonself cell?

secretes interkeukine 1
attracing more wbc's to the area by chemotaxis
also stimulates pain receptors
also causes fever
type of cytokine

what occurs when a macrophage calls for reincforments when it encounters a non self cell?

cytokines

cellular communication chemicals secreted by 1 cell and tells the other what to do and how to do it

dendritic cells

capture antigens and activates helper t cells
have toe like receptors on the cell surface

pattern recognition receptors

toe like receptors in the cell surface
recignize shape of molecules present on the microbes, but not on own bady cells

they phagocytize it-take a picture of the antigen to show to the other white blood cells -antigen presentaion

what occurs when dendritic cells encounter a cell that binds to the toe like projections?

antigen presentation

cell shops up the antigen into fragments and displays antigen fragment on the cell surface attached to MHC markers

muti lobe, most common, 1st at site of injury, specialize in phagocytizing bacteria, release antimicrobial chemicals, comikazi cells, form neutrophil extracellular traps to trap antigens

what are some aspects of neutrophils?

kill parasitic worms, can release subs to inactivate inflammitory chemicals to keep inflammation localized

what are some aspects of eosinophils?

natural killer cells

designed to kill your own abnormal body cells
not specific in thier killing: destroy any abnormal body cells
part of nonspecific counter attack
killing cancer cells and infected self cells

1.thier pm is alrtered in some way to signal that they are abnormal
2.abnormal cells also produce abnormal proteins and put them on thier cell surface
3. they reduce the number of mhc markers on the pm and the NK cells destroy it

how are abnormal body cell detected by natural killer cells?

it releases 1 or both chemicals
peripherine and granzymes

what happens when a natural killer cells encounters an abnormal body cell?

peripherine

kanes holes/perforates the pm and kills it

granzymes

activate enzymes that cause programmed cell death: apoptosis

chemical counter attack

chemicals designed to destroy enemy before possible damage

compliment, interferons, c-reactive proteins

what are the things that the chemcial counter attack entails?

compliment

series of 20 proteins, porduced by the liver, that are constantly in the plasma in inactive form
compliment cascade
part of chemical counter attack

1. contact of the cell wall with some microbes
2. antibodies attached to some antigens
3. contact with c reactive protein

how can compliments be activated?

compliment cascade

activated compliment proteins will activate additional compliment proteins

K: kill microbes
I: inflammation
C: chemotaxis
ASS: assist in phagocytosis

what are the 4 things that active compliments can do?

several compliment proteins joins together together fo for the membrane attack complex

how to active compliments kill microbes?

membrane attack complex

makes holes in the pm to target microbes; similar to what perihperine does

compliment increased release of imflammation chemicals by basophils and mast cells

how do active compliments cause imflammation?

compliment serves asa chemotactic agents: attacking more wbc to the area

how to active compliments cause chemotaxis?

compliment binds to the microbes, making it easier for them to be phagocytized: opsonization

how to active compliments assist in phagocytosis?

1. antiviral chemicals
2. produced by some virually infected cells
3. increase activity of macrophages and some NK cells
4. slow cell division of own body cells

what are some things that interferons can do?

they travel to adjacent cells- causing these cells to produce proteins that inhibit viral replication in them

what happens after interferons are produced by some virally infected cells?

they can slow division of cells and destroy them by macrophage and NK cells

how can interferons be used for some cancer treatments?

c-reactive protein

released by the liver in response to inflamitory chemicals

bidns to microbes and mark them for destruction by macrophages or compliments
they can also activate compliment

what can c reactive proteins do?

to test to see if someone has any hidden inflammation that may andcould cause health problems

how do health care providers use c reactive proteins?

fever

what is the thermal counter attack?

interleukin 1

part of the thermal counter attack
released by macrophages and other chemicals that can cause fever

hypothalamus and it can resit the bodies thermostat to a higher temp and increase tis metabolic reate

what part of the brain regulates body temp?

1. all devensive mechanisms happen quicker
2. wbc's and antibodies produce more quickly
3. phagocytosis is quicker

what occurs when the body's metablic rate is increased?