Chapter 2: American Expansion (1521-1700)

1662 Virginia Statute

Statute that determined a child's freedom status depended on the mother's race

Mesoamerica/Andes

Where Spanish colonists built upon preexisting labor systems and tribute, alongside the discovery of precious metals to increase wealth

Tropics/Subtropics

Where plantations and labor was used to grow cash crops

Neo-American Settlements

Where European social and economic systems were implemented in new places

Chattel slavery

The ownership of human beings as property

Spain's Tribute Colonies

Overthrew native rulers to implement their own councils, legal codes, the Catholic Church, and protected their own wealth and holdings

Gold, God, and Glory

The Three G's, Gold meaning discovering gold/other discoveries/mercantilism, God meaning converting to Christianity, and Glory meaning expansion and personal gain

Encomiendas

Grants allowed conquistadores to claim labor and goods from natives as tribute

Mita System

The Incan system where the payment of taxes was done with labor

Spaniard Migration (1500-1650)

Where over 350,000+ spaniards migrated to Mesoamerica and the Andes, due to Gold, God, and Glory

Meztizos

Spaniard-Indians

Mulattos

Spaniard-Africans

Zambo

Indian-Africans

Casta System

A legal system to categorize people based on their ethnicity and racial background

Columbian Exchange

The movement of diseases and people across the Atlantic from the Western Hemisphere to Europe, Africa, and Asia

What items were exchanged from the Western Hemisphere to Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Columbian Exchange?

Maize, potatoes, gold, and tomatoes

What items were exchanged from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Western Hemisphere during the Columbian Exchange?

Wheat, cattle, and horses

Protestant Challenge vs Spain

1. Spain struggled to hold onto the Caribbean Basin

2. Powerful enemies from the Protestant Reformation rose

King Philip II (1556-1598)

The King of Spain who wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism from stopping the Catholic Church. Pitted against Queen Elizabeth I

King Henry VIII (1509-1547)

The King of England who initially opposed Protestantism but placed himself as Head of new Church of England

Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

The Queen of England who supported the Protestant confession of faith and sent sea dogs

Sea Dogs

Seafarers who took aggressive actions against Spanish control of American wealth, defeating the Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada

A fleet of ships that set sail in 1588 with the purpose of invading England and overthrowing Queen Elizabeth I

Outwork

Buying wool and outsourcing work, selling the products for higher prices

Mercantilism

The belief that a country should export more than import, also known as commercialism

Roanoke Colony (1585)

Also known as the Lost Colony, a failed attempt by England to establish a permanent colony in America. Marked by "CROATOAN" carved on a post.

The Jamestown Settlement (1607)

The first permanent colony established by England, started by the Virginia Company sending an all-male group from England to get tribute

What was the result of the Jamestown Settlement

Most colonists died due to disease, and their plan to eliminate local native tribes such as those governed by the Powhatan failed

House of Burgesses (1619)

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia

The Indian War of 1622

The war started due to an influx of migrants, and began when Opechancanough led a surprise attack on English settlers, killing 347 settlers. Resulted in the end of peace, and the Powhatan having their fields and foods seized by the English

Royal Colony of Virginia (1624)

A colony directly ruled by the king or queen of the parent country through an appointed governor

What did the Royal Colony of Virginia allow?

1. A locally elected government, the House of Burgesses. The King's political advisors committee must ratify all legislation.

2. Residents must pay taxes to support clergy of England

What was the model of royal colonies?

1. An appointed governor

2. A formal legal system with trial

3. An established Anglican Church presence

King Charles I (1625-1649)

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland until execution, granted lands bordering Chesapeake Bay to Lord Baltimore

Lord Baltimore

Also known as Cecilius Calvert, an English Catholic aristocrat who founded the colony of Maryland

Why did the colony of Maryland grow?

1. Imported artisans

2. Open land for wealthy migrants

3. Religious freedom

4. Tobacco

Tolerance Act (1649)

A Maryland act that granted the right for all Christians to follow their beliefs and hold church services

The Caribbean Islands (1624)

Sir Thomas Warner established a settlement on St. Kitts

The Caribbean Islands (1625)

French groups settled onto St. Kitts to defend themselves from the Spanish

The Caribbean Islands (1627)

Caribbean natives driven out of their land, survived a Spanish attack, and the French and English come together and make mutual laws to coexist

The Caribbean Islands (1655)

An English fleet captured Spanish island of Jamaica

What crops could be found on the Caribbean Islands?

Sugar, tobacco, and indigo

Freeholds

Farms of 30-50 acres were owned and farmed by families or male partners

Headright System

A system in the South where settlers were guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage for an immigrant to come to the colony

Indentured Servitude

A labor system to work for a master for 4-5 years in exchange for free passage to the colonies

Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negros (1661)

An act established to formalize the chattel slavery of Africans

Ways to Escape Slavery

Abolished in the 1660s.

1. Christian baptism

2. Purchasing freedom

3. Court cases

New France (1608)

A French colony in Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain for fur trading

Hurons

Jesuit-French priests who learned Indian languages to evangelize

New Orleans

Port city in Louisiana founded in 1718

New Netherland/New York

Originally a Dutch colony that was eventually taken over by the Duke of York (British) and renamed. Fell due to low population

Beaver Wars (1649-1667

Series of bloody conflicts, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region. Ended in 1667 when the Mohawks accepted defeat, accepting Jesuit missionaries into native communities

New England

Founded in 1620 with the establishment of Plymouth Colony, 102 English Protestants and their families

Holy Commonwealth

An alliance of church and state within the Plymouth Colony migrants, implementing Protestant principles into their government

The Pilgrims

Puritans who left the Church of England, coming across the Mayflower in 1620

Puritans

Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England, but hoped to purify it's ceremonies and hierarchy

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Joint and Stack Cooperation

A commercial agreement that allows investors to pool resources into a representative political system with a governor, council, and assembly

Predestination

The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation, with the others destined for hell

Roger Williams

A Puritan minister in Salem who founded Rhode Island in 1614 for the separation of Church and State

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony, banished from the colony, and took part in the formation of Rhode Island.

Puritan Revolution/English Civil War

An English civil war that arose out of disputes between King Charles I and Parliament, which Puritans dominated. The conflict began in 1642 and ended with the execution of Charles I in 1649, resulting in Puritan rule in England until 1660.

Archbishop Laud

The head of the Church of England who was given power to persecute Puritans,. supported by King Charles I (1637). Parliament beheaded King Charles I (1649)

What were the results of the Puritan Revolution in England?

1. Preclaimed republican commonwealth

2. No bishops and rituals from Church of England

3. No Protestantism

4. Cromwell Takeover (1653)

Salem Witch Hunt (1692)

Started by a couple of girls claiming their neighbors were bewitching them due to random seizures. Resulted in 175 women tried, with 19 executed

Yeoman Society (1630-1700)

A society started by Yeoman, the people between the peasants and the land owners, the "middle class," who were Puritans arguing against a feudal society.

Puritan-Pequot War (1636-1638)

Caused by the Pequot alliance with the Dutch, irritating the English. In May of 1637, there was a combined attack on the English with the Pequots, Narragansetts, and Mohegan warriors

What was the result of the Puritan-Pequot War?

1. The English failed to convert the natives to Puritanism

2. The Pequots were driven out of their native lands by the 1670s

Metacom's War (1675-1676)

Also known as King Philip's War. The Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes of southern New England joined together to fight against English colonists' westward expansion. Resulted in the English winning the war, killing 4,500 natives and killing 5% of the English population, along with a third of English towns

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Caused by frontier settlers frustrated with Governor Williams Berkeley not taking action to protect them from native invasion, along with wanting more land. Resulted in chaos due to Bacon dying in October 1676 of dysentery.