Nursing Foundations Final Exam

Common demographics of nurses

Common demographics of nurses

Mostly women, men more likely to further education-nurses largest group of health care workers in the world

Nurse’s role in each practice site-most common

Hospitals, medical centers, community based hospitals

Advanced nursing roles

NP-often in medical offices; diagnose and exam patients

CNM (certified nurse midwife)-help deliver babies; in hospitals

CRNA (certified registered nurse anesthetist)-administer meds while watching patients; high responsibility

CNS (clinical nurse specialist)-can only work in hospitals

Florence Nightingale

Created foundation of modern nursing-implemented hand washing, first nursing researcher, soldiers in Crimean war

Mary Seacole

Brought attention to need of nurses-understood effects of Chlorea; health of soldiers during Crimean war

Clara Barton

Founded RedCross

Linda Richards

FIRST licensed RN nurse

Mary Eliza Mahoney

FIRST trained black RN nurse in US

Isabel Hampton Robb

Attention to unity of nursing schools; led to creation of National League of Nursing and ANA

Lillian Wald

Founded Henry Street Settlement for people of poverty and immigrants; helped found NAACP

First nursing schools and licensure laws

1872-FIRST general training school for nurses —> New England Hospital

1873-FIRST 3 American training schools - Belleuve Training School for Nurses (NYC), Connecticut Training School for Nurses (New Haven), Boston Training School for Nurses (Massachusetts General Hospital)

New York-first state to require licensure to work

Key characteristics of profession

Services vital to humanity, special knowledge, indv. responsibility, independence, motivated by services, code of ethics, organization that encourages high practice standards

Names and purposes of 3 ANA docs

1) Nursing’s Social Policy Statement: Essence of the profession

• Defines nursing-states nursing is a profession

2) Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice

• Outlines expectations of professional role

3) The Code of Ethics for Nurses w/ Interpretative Statements

• 9 provisions

• Guides nurses when faced w/ ethical dilemmas

Purpose of Accreditation

Ensure all programs teach all topics necessary to become a nurse

2 Accrediting agencies

1. ACE - for 2 years/smaller programs

2. CCNE - acredits BSN/higher - FSC

Diploma programs vs. ASN vs. BSN

1. Diploma programs - least common, typically 3 or 2 years

2. ASN programs - 2 years

3. BSN programs - 4 years

6 QSEN Competencies

1. Patient-centered care

2. Teamwork and collaboration

3. Evidence-based practice

4. Quality Improvement

5. Safety

6. Informatics

7. Essentials align w/ AACN

Purpose of Nurse Practice Act

Defines standards & scopes of prof. nursing, sets min. edu requirements, protects legal titles, disciplinary action of licenses

Negligence

Failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would have

Malpractice

Negligence applied to the acts of the profession by commission or omission

Informed consent

Full knowing authorization for care, treatment, or procedure by patient themselves

HIPPA

• First comprehensive protection for disclosure of health info

• Info can only be given to those who need to know to complete their job

• Info may be shared w/o consent if safety is questioned

Autonomy

Respect for people’s rights

Beneficence

Do good

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm

Justice

Be fair

Fidelity

Loyalty

Veracity

Truth telling

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Physiology, Safety, Social, Self esteem, Self-actualization

3 Foundational Concepts

Person-mind/body
Health-state of wholeness

Environment-external/internal stressors

Feedback Loop

• Input-info, energy, matter

• Throughput-processes to convert input

• Output-end result

• Evaluation-measuring success/failure

• Feedback-communicating findings

Theory terminology

• Phenomena-event perceived through our senses

• Theories-laws that explain phenomena, how they’re predicted & controlled; what we know vs. what we don’t

• Philosophy-set of beliefs abt how the world works

• Conceptual models-more specific set of concepts, organized phenomena

• Middle-range theory-narrow focused theory; connects grand theories to nursing practice

6 C’s of nursing w/ definitions

1. Compassion-be w/ another in their suffering

2. Competence-using evidence-based knowledge in application of interventions

3. Conscience-directs moral, ethical & legal decision-making

4. Confidence-trust in one’s ability to care for others

5. Commitment-maintaing and elevating standards and obligations of nursing

6. Comportment-professional presentation of nurses; behavior, attitude, apperance

Critical thinking

A mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of his/her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structure of thinking-thinker raises questions, gathers information, reasons well, is open-minded and communicates effectively 

Nursing Process AAPIE

Assessment, analysis, planning, implementation, evaluation

Subjective vs Objective data

Subjective-anything patient says

Objective-nurses observations, numerical

Nursing diagnosis vs Medical diagnosis

Nursing-”at risk for …”

Medical-actual diagnosis

Clinical reasoning

Focuses on the client’s reponses to a health problem, should include the client’s perceived needs, health problems, related experiences, health practices, and lifestyles.

Solid oral meds

Tablet, enteric-coated tablet, troche, caplet, capsule

5 Rights of med admin

1. Right client

2. Right med

3. Right route

4. Right time

5. Right dose

6. Right documentation

Abbreviations

STAT = immediately

PRN = as needed

PO = by mouth

ID = intradermal

IV = intravenous

QID = 4 times a day

SL = sublingually

IM = intramuscular

TID = 3 times a day

BID = 2 times a day