AMSCO 2019 World History Modern: Unit 4 Vocabulary

Omani-European Rivalry (Eurasia: Middle East)

Europeans faced competition from Middle Eastern traders based in kingdoms such as Oman. For example, the Portuguese set up forts in Oman but were repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them. The ___________ was one reason for Christopher Columbus’s search for a new route to India. The voyages by Columbus connected people across the Atlantic Ocean. European traders became go-betweens linking Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. From the Americas, they obtained silver, tobacco, and rum. From Africa, they obtained enslaved people. From Asia, they obtained silk, spices, and rhubarb.

This extensive trade transformed Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland into maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.

Cartography ()

Mapmaking and knowledge of current and wind patterns also improved navigation.

Maritime Empire ()

Empires based on sea travel. Much of it was carried out by women. However, in Southeast Asia, Europeans conducted most of their business with women, who traditionally handled markets and money-changing services in those cultures.

Astronomical Chart

Any map of the stars and galaxies. Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships’ direction, especially before the introduction of the compass, using the skies to help them determine their location. Ancient astronomers in Babylonia and Mesopotamia had created ____________as early as the 2nd millennium B.C.E. Charts by Chinese astronomers’ date back to the 5th century B.C.E. ________were also used widely by classical Greek astronomers. Using telescopes to help create ________began in 1609, and the practice was widely used to map the stars by the end of the 17th century.

Christopher Columbus (Europe: Spain)

Credited with “discovering the New World,” was fortunate in 1492 to gain the support of the Spanish monarchs, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, for his voyages across the Atlantic. His journeys helped increase the interest in discovery, and the English, French, and Dutch supported later exploration.

Mercantilism

Countries set policies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries—in order to maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country—and to buy as few as possible from other countries—to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country. This theory, known as ___________, required heavy government involvement.

Henry the Navigator (Europe: Portugal)

Became the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold. Under him, Portugal began importing enslaved Africans by sea, replacing the overland slave trade.

Bartolomeu Diaz (Europe)

Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488, into waters his crew did not know. Diaz feared a mutiny if he continued pushing eastward, so he returned home.

Vasco Da Gama (Europe)

Sailed farther east than Diaz, landing in India in 1498. There he claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire. The Portuguese ports in India were a key step in expanding Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean and with points farther east.

Trading Post Empire

One based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories.

To ensure control of trade, the Portuguese had constructed a series of forts stretching from Hormuz on the Persian Gulf (built in 1507) to Goa in western India (built in 1510) to Malacca on the Malay Peninsula (built in 1511). The aims of the fort construction were to establish a monopoly (complete control over a market) over the spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz.

Ferdinand Magellan (Europe)

Spanish ships, however, began to circumnavigate the globe when the government sponsored the voyage of _____________He died on the voyage in the Philippine Islands in 1522, but one of the ships in his fleet made it around the world, proving that the earth could be circumnavigated.

Spain annexed the Philippines in 1521 when Magellan’s fleet arrived there. The Spanish returned in 1565 and started a long campaign to conquer the Filipinos, who put up fierce resistance.

Manila (Southeast Asia)

A Spanish commercial center in the Philippines, attracting Chinese merchants and others. Because of the Portuguese and Spanish occupations, many Filipinos became Christians.

Galleons

Silver, for example, made its way from what is now Mexico across the Pacific Ocean to East Asia in heavily armed Spanish ships known as _________that made stops in the Philippines. At the trading post in Manila, Europeans exchanged silver for luxury goods such as silk and spices, and even for gold bullion. The impressive Manila _________allowed the silver trade to flourish.

Jacques Cartier (Europe)

The French government sponsored expeditions in search of a northwest passage. In 1535, for example, French explorer Jacques Cartier sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River in what is now northern U.S. border. He did not find a new route to Asia, but he did claim part of what is now Canada for France.

Samuel de Champlain (Europe)

Was a French explorer and cartographer known for founding Quebec City in 1608 and establishing the first permanent French settlement in North America. His efforts were significant in the context of early European colonization, especially concerning France's role in the Americas and interactions with Indigenous peoples. (Explored 1609–1616) realized there were no valuable goods and no great civilizations in the Americas, so the French were not eager to go beyond to Asia. Found a rich in furs and other natural resources and expanded French fur trade in North America. 

• _________ interactions with Indigenous peoples were pivotal in establishing early relationships between Europeans and Native Americans. By forging alliances, particularly with the Huron, he created a network that facilitated trade and provided protection against rival tribes like the Iroquois. These relationships were essential for the success of French colonization efforts and influenced how European powers approached Indigenous diplomacy in North America.

• _________ founding of Quebec City marked a turning point in French colonization efforts in North America. It established a permanent base for France, allowing for sustained economic activities such as fur trading and missionary work. Quebec became a cultural hub for French settlers and served as a strategic location for further exploration into the continent, shaping France's influence in North America.

• Analyze how _________ contributions impacted the development of New France and its legacy within Canadian history.

  • _________ contributions laid the groundwork for the development of New France, which played a critical role in shaping Canadian history. His establishment of Quebec City not only initiated permanent settlement but also established patterns of trade, cultural exchange, and governance that persisted long after French control diminished. The legacy of _________ is evident today in Quebec's distinct culture, language, and continued recognition of Indigenous relationships fostered during his explorations, highlighting his lasting impact on Canada's identity.

Quebec (North America)

A province in Canada known for its rich French heritage and distinct culture, serving as a focal point of French colonial influence in North America. Its strategic location made it a critical area during early European exploration and settlement, particularly in the context of the conflicts between the French and British empires.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. ________ was founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 and became the capital of New France.

2. The region's population consisted largely of French settlers who developed a unique cultural identity distinct from the British colonies.

3. ______played a pivotal role in the fur trade, which was a major economic driver for both France and later Britain in North America.

4. The Battle of ________in 1759 was a significant turning point during the Seven Years’ War, leading to British control over the region.

5. Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763, _______underwent significant political changes, including the introduction of British governance and legal systems.

   ________ establishment by Samuel de Champlain marked the beginning of French colonial expansion in North America. As the capital of New France, it served as a base for further exploration and settlement throughout the continent. The city's strategic location along the St. Lawrence River facilitated trade and military operations, allowing France to assert its influence over vast territories and build relationships with Indigenous peoples.

New France (North America)

New France was a French colonial territory in North America that existed from the early 16th century until 1763, encompassing parts of modern-day Canada and the United States. It was characterized by a mix of fur trading, Jesuit missions, and alliances with Native American tribes, playing a crucial role in the European competition for territory in North America.

New France was established in 1534 when Jacques Cartier claimed parts of Canada for France, but it was not until the early 17th century that significant settlements were established.

1. The capital of New France was Quebec City, founded in 1608, which became a key center for trade and administration.

2. New France had a relatively small population compared to British colonies, with around 70,000 inhabitants by the mid-18th century, leading to a reliance on alliances with Native American tribes for defense and trade.

3. The economy of New France heavily depended on the fur trade, leading to interactions with various Indigenous groups and establishing complex relationships of trade and diplomacy.

4. The fall of New France to British forces in 1760 during the Seven Years' War ultimately led to its incorporation into British territories through the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
   
   The fur trade was central to the economy of New France and significantly influenced relationships between French colonists and Native American tribes. The French relied on Indigenous peoples for knowledge of the land and assistance in hunting animals for fur. This created complex alliances, where Native Americans traded furs for European goods such as tools, weapons, and alcohol. These interactions often led to mutual benefit but also tensions as competition for resources arose.
   
   The fur trade was central to the economy of New France and significantly influenced relationships between French colonists and Native American tribes. The French relied on Indigenous peoples for knowledge of the land and assistance in hunting animals for fur. This created complex alliances, where Native Americans traded furs for European goods such as tools, weapons, and alcohol. These interactions often led to mutual benefit but also tensions as competition for resources arose.
   
   By 1754, the colony was only 70,000. The English colonies included one million Europeans. 

John Cabot (Europe)

the English king sent an explorer named ________to America to look for a northwest passage. Cabot claimed lands from Newfoundland south to the Chesapeake Bay. The English, however, did not have enough sea power to defend themselves against Spanish naval forces—although English pirates called “sea dogs” sometimes attacked Spanish ships. Cabot's expedition was originally intended to find a westward route to Asia but instead led to the discovery of North America's coast.

1. His landing in Newfoundland in 1497 is considered a significant milestone for England's colonial ambitions in the Americas.

2. Cabot's voyages paved the way for subsequent explorations by English navigators and established a basis for future claims to land in North America.

3. While Cabot's exact fate remains unknown after his second voyage in 1498, his legacy lived on through the English colonization efforts that followed.

4. John Cabot's explorations are often overshadowed by those of Columbus but are crucial in understanding the broader narrative of European exploration.
   John Cabot's voyages were pivotal in initiating a new phase of transatlantic trade by connecting England with North America. His discoveries inspired other explorers and traders to seek out resources such as fish, fur, and timber from North American territories. This increased demand for goods would lead to more robust trading relationships across the Atlantic and ultimately contribute to the complex economic exchanges that defined the era.

   • John Cabot's contributions are significant when compared to contemporaries like Columbus because they illustrate a shift in focus from solely seeking Asian trade routes to exploring and claiming lands in the Americas. While Columbus is often credited with 'discovering' the New World, Cabot’s voyages laid groundwork for English claims, expanding European interests in North America. This helped establish a pattern of exploration that would shape future colonial policies and practices across Europe, emphasizing not just discovery but also territorial acquisition.

Jamestown (North America)

In 1607, about one hundred English colonists traveled about 60 miles inland from the coast of Virginia to build a settlement on the James River. They named the settlement _______ and the river after the ruling English monarch, James I. _______ was England’s first successful colony in the Americas and one of the earliest colonies in what would become the United States. The first colonies in the present-day United States, however, were Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico."

Henry Hudson (Europe)

In 1609, the Dutch sent________ to explore the East Coast of North America. Among other feats, he sailed up what became known as the ________(last name) River to see if it led to Asia. He was disappointed in finding no northwest passage. He and other explorers would continue to search for such a route. Though it would travel through a chilly region, it offered the possibility of being only half the distance of a route that went around South America.

New Amsterdam (North America)

When Dutch claimed island of Manhattan, they founded a community, which is today known as New York City. Like many port towns, ___________ prospered because it was located where a major river flowed into the ocean. 

New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch settlement located on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which later became New York City after the English seized control in 1664. This bustling port city played a significant role in trade and commerce, serving as a focal point for Dutch colonial expansion in North America and illustrating the competition among European powers for dominance in the New World.

New Amsterdam was originally founded by the Dutch in 1624 as a strategic trading post to capitalize on the lucrative fur trade with Native Americans.

The settlement was characterized by its diverse population, including Dutch, English, Africans, and other European settlers, which contributed to its vibrant cultural mix.

In 1664, the English seized control of New Amsterdam and renamed it New York in honor of the Duke of York, marking a significant shift in colonial power dynamics.

The original layout of New Amsterdam included a fort for protection and a grid-like street plan that later influenced urban development in New York City.

New Amsterdam's economy was heavily reliant on trade, agriculture, and shipbuilding, helping to establish it as one of the most important ports in colonial America.

New Amsterdam functioned as a vital trading hub due to its strategic location at the mouth of the Hudson River. It facilitated trade between Europe and various Native American tribes, allowing for an exchange of goods such as furs, timber, and agricultural products. The colony's diverse population also fostered cultural exchanges among different ethnic groups, making it a melting pot that enriched the social fabric of the settlement.