KENDER PRAYING TEST PRACTICE BECAUSE IM SHIVERING MY TIMBERSS

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA

nitrogenous base

An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

Purine

a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine

Pyrimidine

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

complimentary base pairs

A-T
G-C

base sequence

The four bases in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These bases form specific pairs (A with T, and G with C).

Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Genetic code

Genetic code refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

DNA replication

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

Replication fork

a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Semi-conservative replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded into polypeptide and a protein is produced

Protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Ribose

sugar in RNA/Protien

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription.

Promoter

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

which two nitrogen bases are smaller (pyrimidines) and which two are larger (purines).

The purines, adenine and thymine, are smaller two-ringed bases, while the pyrimidines, cytosine and uracil, are larger and have a single ring.

Define double helix

The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder

Explain how DNA is replicated and the roles of the enzymes helicase and DNA polymerase

First, an enzyme called a DNA helicase separates the two strands of the DNA double helix. This forms a structure called a replication fork that has two exposed single strands. Other enzymes called DNA polymerases then use each strand as a template to build a new matching DNA strand.

What is the cell cycle? and what are the steps

The cell cycle is a four-stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage).

DNA happens in what phase

It happens in the S phase

WHY DNA replication is a critical step in the Cell Cycle.

Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.

Explain where transcription occurs and why, including how it happens

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins).

what are the modifications to the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus

splicing, capping, and addition of a poly-A tail,

where translation happens and what occurs during the process. Be sure to include the role of mRNA, codons, anti-codons, tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes, and stop codons.

During transcription, a piece of DNA that codes for a specific gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus of the cell. The Codons are used to make it into RNA base to use the anti-codons to make the mRNA.The mRNA then carries the genetic information from the DNA to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs.

Understand mutations (DNA and chromosomal) and their impact organism.

Genetic mutations could lead to genetic conditions like cancer, or they could help humans better adapt to their environment over time.

Point mutations are

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

Frameshift mutations are

A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.

chromosomal mutations are

A chromosomal mutation is a mutation involving a long segment of DNA.