Anatomy unit 1

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye area

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

sternal

sternum

thoracic

chest

abdominal

abs

umbilical

belly button area

pelvic

lower belly

pubic

genital

inguinal

groin

coxal

hip

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

front of forearm

carpal

wrist

digital

fingers/ toes

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

shin

tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

occipital

back of the head

otic

ear

cervical

neck(back)

vertebral

spine

scapular

shoulder blades

dorsal

back

lumbar

lower back

sacral

between hips, base of the spine

gluteal

butt

cubital

back of the elbow

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

fibular

side of lower leg

calcaneal

heel

plantar

soles

allergies

your body responding to unknown antigens

plasma

contains all immune system cells that deal with antigens

antigens

found on surface of foreign invaders

antibodies

formed to protect in response to antigens

when someone is sick, we look for

associated antibodies (hiv antibodies show they have hiv antigens)

passive transport

diffusion

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back

ventral

towards the front

dorsal

towards the back

proximal

closer to the center of the torso or the point where the limb attaches to the trunk

distal

further from the center of the torso or the point where the limb attaches to the trunk

superficial

closer to surface

deep

further from surface

superior

towards head, above

inferior

towards the tail, below

cranial

towards head, above (animal)

caudal

towards head, below (animal)

lateral

position away from the midline of the body

medial

position towards the midline of the body

midline

the vertical cut in the sagittal plane

anatomical position

upright, facing ahead, feet forward and slightly apart, arms at side with palms facing forward

sagittal cut

vertical, create left and right hemisphere

frontal cut

vertical, creates anterior and posterior

transverse cut

horizontal, creates superior and inferior

Order of life

chemical, cellular organelles, cellular, tissue , organ, organ system, organism

The body communicates through ____ and ____ systems

neural, hormonal

The nervous system is

fast acting

The endocrine system is

slow acting

control system parts

nervous system (brain/spinal cord)

What does the control system do

determines the homeostatic range

analyzes and takes in information

determines an appropriate response (ships out the information)

effector

carries out the response to a stimulus

afferent pathway

sends stimulus from your senses (touch, smell, sight) to the control center

negative feedback

like a thermostat, reduces intensity until complete, then shuts off original stimulus

example of negative feedback

When we exercise, we build up CO2 in our body, so negative feedback allows our medulla oblongata to send signals to make us breathe deeper and longer.

Right after we exercise, we breathe hard, then as time goes on, our breathing starts to steady.

positive feedback

increases original stimulus to increase the intensity of the variable response

-only occurs in blood clots and birth

They occur to reach a conclusion, rather than to maintain extended homeostasis

example of positive feedback

Blood clots, where your body chemically signals for more more platelets until the wound is sealed.

Passive transport (otherwise known as Diffusion) methods

• simple diffusion

• osmosis

• facilitated diffusion

• filtration

what is passive transport

Membrane transport where no energy is required because things are moving in a favorable direction (high to low concentration)

What is simple diffusion

solutes are lipid soluble and small enough to pass through

What is osmosis

simple diffusion of water

What is facilitated diffusion

passive transport that allows bigger particles to get through with the use of protein carriers.

What is filtration

water/solutes forced inside the cell through hydrostatic pressure

pressure gradient (difference in pressure) must exist

Active transport

the cell provides metabolic energy

Intracellular fluid

nucleoplasm and cytosol inside the cell

Interstitial fluid

extracellular, fluid on the outside the cell

Selective permeability

The plasma membrane allows some things to pass while excluding others

Isotonic

same osmotic pressure

Hypertonic

More solute outside the cell (cell loses water)

Hypotonic

Less solute outside the cell (cell gains water)

Communication pathway through the systems

Receptor (stimuli) —→ afferent pathway —→ control center —→ efferent pathway ——→ effector(response to stimuli)

Insulin is a

key for sugar to get in our cells

When is blood sugar too low?

When too much sugar is in our cells.

What 2 important molecules can pass through simple diffusion

CO2, H2O

What are allergies

Your body’s response to antigens that don’t belong