Exam 8

yeth

Respectively, what psychoanalytic term describes the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material and what psychoanalytic term describes the patient's transmission to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships, such as love or hatred for a parent?

resistance, transference

Who originated and practiced the first psychotherapy (psychoanalysis) and interpreted a patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences and therefore released repressed feelings that allowed a patient to gain self-insight?

sigmund freud

What type of therapy acts directly on the patient's nervous system?

biomedical therapy

What type of therapist would use listening techniques with an accepting, genuine, and empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth?

Client-centered therapist, person-centered therapist

What type of therapy employs structured interactions between a trained professional and a client with a problem?

psychotherapy

What variation of psychodynamic therapy aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties by focusing on current relationships and assisting people in improving their relationship skill?

interpersonal psychotherapy

What term describes an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy?

eclectic approach

What type of insight therapy emphasizes people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment by attempting to reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts and by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance?

humanistic therapy

What term describes empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies?

active listening

What term describes researcher Rogers' belief that the therapist's most important contribution is to be nonjudgmental, caring, and have an accepting attitude so that people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole?

unconditional positive regard

Recognizing that therapists and clients may differ in values, communication styles, and language, many therapy training programs now provide what type of training?

Cultural sensitivity

Relaxation techniques, herbal medicine, massage, and spiritual healing are all examples of what type of therapy?

alternative

All therapies offer what benefit?

all of the following:
Hope
Trusting and caring relationship
New perspective
Empathy

What term describes a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem?

therapeutic alliance

What term describes the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma?

resilience

For some people, especially women, and those living far from the equator, the wintertime blahs constitute a form of depression known as what?

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

What was found to be just as therapeutic with one's eyes fixed, but involved a significant combination of exposure therapy and placebo effect?

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

What is based on the idea that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing oppressive, esteem-destroying environments into more benevolent, nurturing environments that foster growth and self-confidence?

preventative mental health programs

A meta-analysis finding that improvement is greater for placebo-treated people than for untreated people suggests that therapies help because they offer a fresh perspective offered by a caring person as well as a significant level of what?

hope

To counteract wintertime depression, what type of alternative therapy sparks activity in brain regions that influence arousal and the production of melatonin?

light exposure therapy

People who suffer from phobias or panic can hope for improvement from psychotherapy, but people who suffer with less-focused problems like depression and anxiety will usually experience what as an outcome of psychotherapy?

short term benefit with relapse

What respective phenomena describe the perception that therapy's effectiveness is vulnerable to inflation - (1) the power of belief in a treatment (2) the tendency for unusual emotions to return to their average state.

placebo effect, regression toward the mean

What term describes a procedure for statistically combining the results of multiple research studies and gives us the bottom-line results of these different studies?

meta-analysis

People who wish to change their whole personality or suffer from chronic what are unlikely to benefit from psychotherapy?

schizophrenia

Researcher Smith combined the results of 475 investigations of psychotherapy outcome studies and found that the average therapy client ends up better off than what percent of the untreated individuals on waiting lists?

80%

What term describes clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient preferences?

evidence-based practice

Studies by health insurers show that mental health treatment can more than pay for itself with reduced medical costs, but in general, when is therapy most effective?

when the problem is clear-cut or specific

Since the 1950s, demand has outgrown the psychiatric profession and now clinical and counseling psychologists and social workers perform what type of therapy?

psychotherapy

Because of the problems associated with testimonials, what is psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking?

control group

Why should we be skeptical of a client's testimony that psychotherapy is effective?

all of the following:
Client's may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort
We are prone to selective and biased recall and to make judgments that confirm our beliefs
Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists
People often enter therapy in crisis

Respectively, what confrontational therapy vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions and what popular integrated therapy combines therapies that change self-defeating thinking with therapies that are designed to change behavior?

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

What type of therapy teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking?

cognitive therapy

What type of group therapy offers support groups, has more than 2 million members, and is said to be "the largest organization on earth that nobody wants to join?"

alcoholics anonymous

What term describes an operant conditioning procedure where a patient exchanges a ticket of some sort, earned by exhibiting a desired behavior, for various privileges or treats?

token economy

Insight therapies (psychodynamic and humanistic) assume that many psychological problems diminish as what grows?

self awareness

Respectively, what behavior therapy is based on classically conditioning new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors and what therapy treats anxieties by repeatedly subjecting people to the things they fear and avoid?

counterconditioning, exposure therapy

What therapy applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors?

behavior therapy

What type of therapy views a family as a system and helps members resolve conflicts, heal relationships, and communicate better?

family therapy

What type of counterconditioning therapy associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli that is commonly used to treat phobias?

systematic dysensitization

What type of counterconditioning therapy associates an unpleasant state, such as nausea, with an unwanted behavior, such as drinking alcohol?

aversive conditioning

The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies with one's genetic relatedness to someone having the disorder, but respectively, who has a 1 in 10 chance of sharing a schizophrenic diagnosis and who has a 6 in 10 chance?

fraternal twins, identical twins

Schizophrenic symptoms are to some degree linked to increased receptors for what neurotransmitter, which may intensify brain signals and create positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia?

dopamine

Schizophrenia is the most researched psychological disorder and most new research studies link its cause with what?

brain abnormalities and genetic predisposition

Respectively, what type of schizophrenia develops gradually and recovery is doubtful and what type of schizophrenia appears suddenly (likely a reaction to stress) and recovery is more likely?

chronic (process), acute (reactive)

The disorganized thoughts of schizophrenia may result from a breakdown in what term which describes our ability to give our undivided awareness to one set of sensory stimuli while filtering out others?

selective attention

What term describes false beliefs, often of persecution or conspiracies, and may accompany psychotic disorders?

delusions

Respectively, schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms experience the presence of what and patients with negative symptoms experience the absence of what?

Inappropriate behavior, appropriate behavior

Nicol and Gottesman noted that what type of cause has not been discovered that will invariably, or even with moderate probability, produce schizophrenia in people who are not related to a person with schizophrenia?

environmental

What symptom of schizophrenia describes sensory experiences without sensory stimulation which are usually auditory?

hallucinations

Which disorder is literally translated as "split mind," affects approximately 24 million people, and is characterized by a split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?

schizophrenia

Although phobias are more common, what is often a response to past and current loss (not future loss) and is the number one reason why people seek mental health services?

depression

For some people, during what part of the year are you more likely to experience a few of the symptoms of depression?

dark months of winter

What emotional extreme might we have if we experienced prolonged hopelessness and lethargy for two weeks or more and then rebounded to normality?

major depressive disorder

What current research perspective on depression is exploring the influence on genetic predispositions and neurotransmitter abnormalities?

biological perspective

What term describes compulsive overthinking and focusing on our problems and their causes?

rumination

Which disorder is characterized by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state and may lead to reckless investments, spending sprees, and unsafe sex?

manic episode

Which term describes a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania?

bipolar disorder

What current research perspective on depression views the cycle of depression via self-defeating beliefs, learned helplessness, negative attributions, and adverse experiences?

social-cognitive perspective

Mood disorders, which are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes, come in what two principle forms?

major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder

According to researcher Lewinsohn, what accompanies behavioral and cognitive changes, is widespread, mostly self-terminates, and affects women twice as much as men?

depression

Under which perspective do psychologists now see anxiety disorders by considering possible evolutionary, genetic, and physiological influences?

biological perspective

Under which perspective do psychologists now see anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement, and observational learning?

learning perspective

Respectively, what psychological disorder causes people to be troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions and what disorder causes a person to be unexplainably and continually tense, apprehensive, agitated, and sleep deprived?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder

A person who believes the philosophy of the following quote to an extreme level may have what disorder: "I want to live longer than my parents, so I avoid germs because everybody carries germs around with them."

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

What term describes a psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety?

anxiety disorders

Respectively, what disorder was once called "shellshock" and is characterized by severe and persistent haunting memories for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience and what term describes the struggle with a challenging crisis that often leads people later to report an increased appreciation for life and increased personal strength?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth

The psychoanalytic perspective views anxiety disorders as the discharging of what?

repressed impulses

What term describes a person who fears or avoids situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavoidable when panic strikes?

agoraphobia

Respectively, what psychological disorder causes people to feel irrationally afraid of a specific situation or object and what disorder causes people to experience sudden episodes of intense dread?

phobia, panic disorder

What type of phobia describes a person who has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others and is shy to the most extreme level?

social anxiety disorder

What can create stereotypes and preconceptions that unfairly stigmatize people and bias our perceptions of their past and present behavior but also can enable better communication and comprehension about the underlying causes of mental disorders?

labels

It is estimated that 1 in 6 Americans suffer from significant mental disorders and according to the Centers for Disease Control, the incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubly high among what group of people?

people below the poverty line

Today's psychologists contend that all behavior, whether normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of what?

all of the following:
Biopsychosocial perspective
Physiological factors and present experiences
Nature and nurture
Genetic factors and past experiences

What term describes the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured?

medical model

What term describes a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior?

psychological disorder

According to researchers Robins and Regier, over 75% of their sample had experienced the first symptoms of a disorder by what age?

24

No known culture is free from depression or schizophrenia, and according to the World Health Organization, how many people worldwide suffer from psychological disorders?

450 million

What heritable psychological disorder is diagnosed three times more often in boys by age 7, has associations with abnormal brain activity, and involves extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

What term describes a contemporary perspective that assumes that psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders?

biopsychosocial perspective

What term describes a widely used system to classify the symptoms (not causes) of psychological disorders, guides physicians and mental health workers in medical diagnoses (not treatments), and defines who is eligible for treatments?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition

According to weight obsessed western societies, what is bad and has significantly contributed to the sickness of today's eating disorders?

fat

What term describes a common disorder in which a person interprets normal sensations (a cramp and/or a headache) as symptoms of a dreaded disease?

Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

Respectively, what personality disorder displays shallow attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain others' praise and which disorder exaggerates one's own importance aided by success fantasies?

Histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder

What term describes an eating disorder in which a normal weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and continues to starve?

anorexia nervousa

What term describes a rare and possibly manufactured disorder in which two or more distinct identities are said to alternately control a person's behavior?

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

What term describes a common medically unexplained illness where a patient's distressing symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes?

somatic symptom disorder

What term describes a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of a conscious for wrongdoing, may be aggressive, ruthless, or even a clever con artist?

antisocial personality disorder

What term describes rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation?

dissociative disorder

What type of psychological disorder is characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning?

personality disorders

What term describes an eating disorder in which a normal weight person (usually an adolescent female) overeats high-calorie foods, then vomits, uses laxatives, or exercises excessively?

bulimia nervousa

What is the best known psychosurgical operation performed on uncontrollably emotional and violent patients where a neurosurgeon shocks a patient into a coma, hammers an ice pick instrument through each eye socket into the brain, then wiggles it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes and results in a patient having a permanently lethargic, immature, impulsive personality afterward?

lobotomy

What term describes the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured?

medical model

What is today's most widely used biomedical treatment that greatly reduced the need for psychosurgery or hospitalization?

drug therapies

Name an antipsychotic antagonist drug that occupies dopamine receptor sites and blocks its activity and reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Chlorpromazine, thorazine

What painless alternative treatment for depression applies repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain with modest positive benefits?

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

After the widespread introduction of antipsychotic drugs starting in 1955, the number of residences in state and county mental hospitals declined sharply but left many with what problem?

all of the following:
they were left homeless
They were ill equipped to take care of themselves
They were still disabled and now uncared for

Name an antianxiety drug that depresses central nervous system activity and can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli?

xanax, ativan

What term describes seminars that promote aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, positive thinking, and good nutrition which support a healthy mind in a healthy body?

therapeutic lifestyle change

Respectively, what is a simple salt that can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering the manic-depressive swings of bipolar disorder and what controversial, yet effective, biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients applies a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient for about a minute three times a week for a month?

Lithium, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Name a dual-action drug that increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin (agonist), partially blocks the normal reuptake of serotonin (SSRI), and is used to treat depression and anxiety disorders?

prozoc, zolaft