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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Percentage by which a population grows in a year. Subtract CDR from CBR after converting the numbers to percentages.
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Total Fertility Rate
Measure the number of births in a society.
Infant Mortality Rate
Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
Life Expectancy
Measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality rates.
Dependency Ratio
Number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in productive years.
Sex Ratio
Number of males per hundred females in the population.
Physiological Density
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by total land area.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Anti-Natalist
Population policies where a government tries to reduce fertility.
Pro-Natalist
Population policies where a government tries to increase fertility.
Demographic Transition
Shows how a country’s birth and death rates, and consequently its population change over time with changes to industrialization.
Malthusian Theory
Human population increased exponentially and food production increased arithmetically.
DTM-Stage 1
High CBR
High CDR
0 NIR
DTM-Stage 2
High CBR
Lowering CDR
Higher NIR
NIR is highest at this stage
DTM-Stage 3
CBR drops quick
CDR is low
NIR still increasing (at lower rate)
DTM-Stage 4
CBR is low
CDR is low
NIR steadies out
DTM-Stage 5
CBR is low (decreasing)
CDR is low (constant)
NIR is decreasing
NIR is at its lowest in this stage
Neo-Malthusian Theory
A view that, as population grows, it will eventually strain and exceed the earth's finite resources, leading to severe shortages of food, water, and energy.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Most migration is short-distance, driven by economic factors, and that long-distance migrants move to major commercial centers.
Migration
A permanent move to a new location
Emigration
Migration from a location
Immigration
Migration to a location
Net Migration
Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
Pull Factor
Induces people to move into a new location
Push Factor
Induces people to move out of a present location
Guest Worker
Programs that allow foreign workers to temporarily reside in a country for a particular job or project.
Transnational Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
Voluntary Migration
Migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement.
Forced Migration
The involuntary movement of people from their homes due to threats or coercion, driven by factors like conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or government policies
Internally Displaced Persons
A person who is forcibly uprooted within their country but has not crossed an international border.
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within the same country.
Interregional Migration
Movement from one region of a country to another.
Intraregional Migration
Movement within one region.
Intervening Obstacles
Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
Refugees
People who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution.
Asylum Seekers
A person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and filed a claim for asylum with the host country’s government.
Step Migration
Migration is gradual and occurs in steps. Often from rural to urban.
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of nationality previously migrated there.
Quota
Max limits on the number of people that could immigrate to US from each country in a year period.
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.