Human Geography Unit 2

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44 Terms

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Percentage by which a population grows in a year. Subtract CDR from CBR after converting the numbers to percentages.

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Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

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Total Fertility Rate

Measure the number of births in a society.

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Infant Mortality Rate

Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.

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Life Expectancy

Measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality rates.

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Dependency Ratio

Number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in productive years.

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Sex Ratio

Number of males per hundred females in the population.

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Physiological Density

The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.

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Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by total land area.

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Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

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Anti-Natalist

Population policies where a government tries to reduce fertility.

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Pro-Natalist

Population policies where a government tries to increase fertility.

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Demographic Transition

Shows how a country’s birth and death rates, and consequently its population change over time with changes to industrialization.

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Malthusian Theory

Human population increased exponentially and food production increased arithmetically.

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DTM-Stage 1

  • High CBR

  • High CDR

  • 0 NIR

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DTM-Stage 2

  • High CBR

  • Lowering CDR

  • Higher NIR

  • NIR is highest at this stage

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DTM-Stage 3

  • CBR drops quick

  • CDR is low

  • NIR still increasing (at lower rate)

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DTM-Stage 4

  • CBR is low

  • CDR is low

  • NIR steadies out

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DTM-Stage 5

  • CBR is low (decreasing)

  • CDR is low (constant)

  • NIR is decreasing

  • NIR is at its lowest in this stage

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Neo-Malthusian Theory

A view that, as population grows, it will eventually strain and exceed the earth's finite resources, leading to severe shortages of food, water, and energy.

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Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

Most migration is short-distance, driven by economic factors, and that long-distance migrants move to major commercial centers.

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Migration

A permanent move to a new location

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Emigration

Migration from a location

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Immigration

Migration to a location

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Net Migration

Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

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Pull Factor

Induces people to move into a new location

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Push Factor

Induces people to move out of a present location

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Guest Worker

Programs that allow foreign workers to temporarily reside in a country for a particular job or project.

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Transnational Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

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Voluntary Migration

Migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement.

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Forced Migration

The involuntary movement of people from their homes due to threats or coercion, driven by factors like conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or government policies

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Internally Displaced Persons

A person who is forcibly uprooted within their country but has not crossed an international border.

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Internal Migration

Permanent movement within the same country.

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Interregional Migration

Movement from one region of a country to another.

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Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region.

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Intervening Obstacles

Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

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Refugees

People who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution.

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Asylum Seekers

A person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and filed a claim for asylum with the host country’s government.

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Step Migration

Migration is gradual and occurs in steps. Often from rural to urban.

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Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of nationality previously migrated there.

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Quota

Max limits on the number of people that could immigrate to US from each country in a year period.

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Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.