B110 - Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes: Intro to Psychology, research methods, lifespan development, Piaget, Vygotsky, attachment, parenting styles, ecological systems theory, Erikson, Baltes, Kubler-Ross, and related review questions.

What are the four goals of psychology?

Describe, explain, predict, and change (modify) behavior.

What do psychologists study?

Behavior and mental processes.

Which approach focuses on identifying the purpose of psychological processes and how they help us adapt to our environment?

Functionalism.

Which early school of psychology used introspection to study conscious experiences?

Structuralism (Wundt).

Who is associated with psychoanalytic psychology?

Sigmund Freud.

Name the researchers most associated with Behaviorism.

Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner.

Which school emphasizes growth potential and client-centered therapy?

Humanistic psychology (Maslow and Rogers).

What field combines psychology with computer science and neuroscience to study mental processes?

Cognitive science.

What does B = f(P+E+PE) stand for in psychology?

Behavior is a function of the person, environment, and their interaction.

Name a descriptive research method.

Naturalistic observation.

Name another descriptive research method.

Case study.

Name a third descriptive research method.

Survey.

What does the term 'correlation coefficient' measure?

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

What are the three types of correlations?

Positive, negative, and zero correlations.

What is the dependent variable?

The variable that is measured.

What is the independent variable?

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

What is random assignment?

Randomly placing participants into groups to control for bias.

What are descriptive statistics?

Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, standard deviation).

What are inferential statistics?

Statistics used to draw conclusions about populations from samples.

What is meta-analysis?

A statistical method that combines results from multiple studies.

What is cross-sectional research design?

A design comparing different age groups at one point in time.

What is longitudinal research design?

A design following the same individuals over time.

What is the difference between Nature and Nurture?

Nature: genetic factors; Nurture: experiences; Interaction: B = f(P+E+PE).

List the basic prenatal development stages in order.

Conception, zygote, embryo, fetus.

What is a teratogen?

An agent that can cause developmental abnormalities.

What is a critical period?

A developmental window when exposure to certain stimuli has lasting effects.

Which Piagetian stage is characterized by object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage.

Which Piagetian stage features egocentrism and lack of conservation?

Preoperational stage.

What characterizes the concrete operational stage?

Logical thinking about concrete events; less egocentric.

What characterizes the formal operational stage?

Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

What is post-formal thinking?

Advanced thinking beyond formal operations, integrating logic with practical considerations.

Whose theory emphasizes social interactions and scaffolding?

Vygotsky.

How is thinking as information-processing described?

Thinking involves storage, input, and output.

Name a form of early language development: cooing.

Cooing.

Name a later stage: babbling.

Babbling.

What is infant-directed speech?

The high-pitched, melodic voice adults use with babies.

What is telegraphic speech?

Early two-word sentences that omit function words (e.g., 'mommy go').

What is attachment theory's internal working model and the Strange Situation?

A framework for understanding attachment patterns and the Strange Situation procedure used to assess them.

Name the four attachment styles.

Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized.

Which parenting style is high warmth and high control?

Authoritative.

Which parenting style is high warmth but low control?

Permissive.

Which parenting style is low warmth and high control?

Authoritarian.

Which parenting style is low warmth and low control?

Indifferent/uninvolved.

In ecological systems theory, which system includes the immediate environment (family, school)?

Microsystem.

In ecological systems theory, which system includes interactions between microsystems (e.g., family and school)?

Mesosystem.

In ecological systems theory, which system includes broader societal influences like media and policies?

Macrosystem.

In ecological systems theory, which system includes the larger socio-historical context that changes over time?

Chronosystem.

In ethical and developmental contexts, which Baltes concept emphasizes multiple directions of development across the lifespan?

Multiple directions (Lifespan Perspective).