ANATOMY 2 Chapter 17 & 18

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces ___________.

Mineralocorticoids

What type of intercellular communication occurs when cells within a single tissue communicate with each other through chemical messages?

Paracrine

Two groups of peptide hormones include _____________ and _______________.

Glycoproteins and short polypeptides

A decrease in the number of hormone receptors in the presence of a certain hormone is called _____________.

Down-regulation

An intermediary molecule that appears due to a hormone-receptor interaction is called a _____________.

Second messenger

What part of the brain integrates the activation of the endocrine and nervous systems?

Hypothalamus

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of which hormone?

ACTH

Which two hormones are made by the hypothalamus but released by the posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin

Diabetes insipidus generally develops because the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ____________.

ADH

The production of which two hormones would be adversely affected by a diet low in iodine?

T3 and T4

True or False: The inner region of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.

False

Which endocrine gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of diabetes mellitus?

Dyspnea

Follicular cells of the ovaries and nurse cells of the testes produce which hormone?

Inhibin

Two hormones are __________ when they have additive effects that produce a greater net result than either alone.

Synergistic

Two molecules present in lacrimal secretions that help prevent pathogen-related infections are __________ and ___________.

Lysozyme and antibodies

Where is the highest concentration of cones located in the eye?

Fovea centralis

Visual information travels to the visual cortex located in the __________ lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

Occipital lobe

The movement of otoliths stimulates which cells to send information to the brain regarding body position?

Hair cells

What pair of membranous sacs in the vestibule have receptors that provide sensation of equilibrium?

Saccules and utricles

The only type of sensory information that directly reaches the cerebral cortex is from _____________ stimulation.

Olfactory

Which cells located in the olfactory epithelium differentiate to form new olfactory receptors?

Basal cells

Which lingual papillae do not have taste buds?

Filiform

True or False: The four primary taste sensations are sweet, salty, bitter, and sour.

True

What is occurring if you are opening and closing your palpebrae?

Blinking

The inner eyelid surface and the outer surface of the eyeball are covered by epithelium called the __________.

Conjunctiva

The most sensitive part of the eye due to numerous free nerve endings is the _____________.

Cornea

Which part of the eye contains pupillary muscles responsible for dilation and constriction of the pupil?

Iris

The loss of lens elasticity due to aging is a special form of hyperopia called _________.

Presbyopia

The ____________ is the specific point of intersection from refracted light on the retina.

focal point

Two molecules called __________ and ___________ are present in lacrimal secretions to help prevent pathogen-related infections.

lysozyme; lactoferrin

Olfaction can elicit powerful emotional responses because

Olfactory information is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system.

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

cerebrum

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to

bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites.

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb.

The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.

olfactory epithelium

The olfactory receptors are highly modified

sensory neurons.

During a sinus infection, it is difficult to smell because

excess mucus blocks odorant molecules from reaching the receptors.

Olfactory sensory neurons are short-lived and, therefore, replaced frequently. How does this turnover happen?

mitotic division and differentiation of basal epithelial cells

Damage to the insula is most likely to affect which of the following senses?

gustation

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

olfactory receptors.

Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerve would result in

inability to identify sour and bitter foods at the posterior one-third of the tongue.

Stimulation of receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

peppery hot.

Taste buds on the tongue are often associated with epithelial projections called

lingual papillae.

The purpose of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) photoreceptors are

influence the circadian rhythm.

Jonathan received a strong blow to the eye. The eyeball remained intact but he suddenly could not see. This has likely caused

a detached retina.

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

ciliary body

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

changing shape.

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

tarsal gland

________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

Bipolar

If your vision is 20/15, this means that you can see

objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet.

When light encounters a medium of different density, it is

refracted.

An irregularity in curvature in the cornea or lens, called ________, causes a reduction in visual acuity.

astigmatism

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?

in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes

The cell of the retina that produces an action potential that goes to the brain is a(n)

ganglion cell.

All visual pigments contain __________ derived from __________.

retinal, vitamin A

Our inner ear is protected from very loud noises by

the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles.

Conflicting sensory information from visual and movement signals may cause

motion sickness.

The cochlear duct lies between which two structures?

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Which structure of the brain does not receive any auditory input?

pineal gland of the epithalamus

The auditory ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle.

The function of the auditory tube is to

equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in

maculae.

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.

bony labyrinth

________ deafness results from conditions in the outer or middle ear that block the transfer of vibrations from the environment to the tympanic membrane or to the oval window.

Conductive

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids.

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation.

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

acetylcholine derivatives.

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

glucagon

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP.

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

TSH, ACTH, PRL

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

somatomedins.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria.

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin.

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.

ADH

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

isthmus.

Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to receptors in

the mitochondria.

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens.

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone.

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?

adrenal (suprarenal)

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it

is a component of the hypothalamus.

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon.

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

Which of the following is not true regarding Type 1 Diabetes?

tissues exhibit insulin resistance

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is

inhibin.

The heart secretes the hormone

atrial natriuretic peptide.

Name two layers that comprise the olfactory organs.

Olfactory epithelium and lamina propria