csp

Abstraction

Reduces detail to focus on relevant concepts.

Bits

Smallest unit of digital data representation.

Byte

Group of 8 bits, basic data unit.

Nibble

4 bits, half of a byte.

Binary

Base 2 number system for data representation.

Hexadecimal

Base 16 number system, shorthand for binary.

Base Conversion

Process of converting numbers between different bases.

Overflow Error

Occurs when data exceeds finite representation size.

Round Off Error

Inaccuracies in floating point number representation.

High Level Programming Language

Provides abstractions for easier programming.

Logic Gate

Hardware abstraction representing Boolean functions.

Transistor

Low-level hardware component in digital circuits.

Video Card

High-level hardware for processing graphics.

Models and Simulations

Simplified representations eliminating unnecessary details.

Analogue Data

Data with smoothly changing values, e.g., music.

Digital Data

Data with discrete values, represented in bits.

Sampling

Approximating analogue data by capturing intervals.

Computer Programs

Tools for processing data and gaining insights.

Metadata

Data about data, enhancing original data usefulness.

Big Data

Large data sets posing storage and processing challenges.

Compression

Technique to reduce data size using algorithms.

Lossless Compression

Data reduction allowing exact reconstruction of original.

Compression

Reducing data size using computational techniques.

Lossless compression

Data can be exactly reconstructed from compressed version.

Example of lossless compression

Zipping a file retains original data integrity.

Lossy compression

Data cannot be exactly reconstructed after compression.

Example of lossy compression

Reducing sample rate loses some audio information.

Data representations

Involve storage, security, and privacy concerns.

Storage Media

Devices like hard drives and flash drives for data.

Algorithm

Sequence of instructions to accomplish a task.

Sequencing

Executing algorithm steps in given order.

Iteration

Repetition of part of an algorithm.

Selection

Using Boolean conditions to determine algorithm path.

Existing algorithms

Can be combined with new algorithms for solutions.

Reasonable Time

Polynomial time for solving problems in CSP.

Undecidable problems

Cannot be solved for all inputs.

Halting Problem

An example of an undecidable problem.

Heuristic approaches

Rules of thumb for approximate solutions.

Evaluating Algorithms

Assessing efficiency and correctness mathematically.

Efficiency of algorithms

Measured by time and space requirements.

Linear search

Slower search method usable with any list.

Binary search

Faster search method requiring a sorted list.

Iterative Development

Creating and testing small code segments.

Correctness of algorithms

Determined by formal mathematical reasoning.

Documentation

Comments and README's for program maintenance.

Programmer

Designs, implements, tests, and maintains programs.

Collaboration

Working together to write programs effectively.

Algorithm

Precise instructions for accomplishing a task.

Procedures

Named groups of programming instructions (functions).

Parameters

Inputs for a procedure in programming.

Concatenation

Combining two strings into a single string.

Substring

Creating a new string from part of another.

Integers

Whole numbers represented differently in computers.

Floating Point Numbers

Numbers with decimal points, finite precision.

Syntax Error

Code error due to rule violations.

Logic Error

Unexpected behavior caused by program logic.

Runtime Error

Error occurring during program execution.

Lists

Data structures for storing groups of values.

API

Interface connecting hardware/software components.

Program Style

Code readability and maintainability practices.

Test Case

Example inputs and expected outputs for testing.

Arithmetic Operations

Basic operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide.

Boolean Logic

Fundamental logic operations: and, or, not.

Numeric Operators

Basic arithmetic operators including MOD.

ADT

Data type allowing operations without type specifics.

The Internet

Global network connecting computing devices.

Internet

A global network connecting computing devices.

Hierarchical

Structured in levels for organization and redundancy.

DNS

Connects domain names to IP addresses.

Protocols

Standardized procedures for data transmission.

IETF

Oversees protocol development for the Internet.

TCP

Ensures error checking and packet ordering.

UDP

Faster protocol without error checking.

IP

Routes packets to their destination.

SMTP

Handles email packet transmission.

HTTP

Manages webpage data packet transmission.

IP Address

Unique identifier for each Internet-connected device.

IPv6

New IP version for increased device capacity.

Bandwidth

Data transfer rate measured in bits per second.

Latency

Delay between request and response time.

Trust Model

Assumes legitimacy in web requests and cookies.

Cyber Security

Protecting private information in the digital realm.

Phishing

Fraudulent attempts to acquire sensitive information.

DDoS

Overwhelms servers to deny service to users.

Cryptography

Secures information through mathematical techniques.

Asymmetric Encryption

Uses public and private keys for secure communication.

Symmetric Encryption

Single private key used for both encryption and decryption.

Steganography

Hides the existence of information transmission.

Digital Signatures

Verification of sender's identity using encrypted keys.

Certificate Authorities (CAs)

Entities that issue digital certificates for key validation.

VPNs

Secure, encrypted connections to access blocked content.

Cookies

Small files storing user data for website personalization.

Privacy Concern

Risk of unauthorized access to stored cookies.

DMCA

Law regulating digital copyright management and liability.

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Controls used to enforce copyright protections digitally.

Creative Commons

Licenses enabling simplified sharing of creative works.

Digital Divide

Gap between those with and without internet access.

Moore's Law

Processing speed doubles approximately every two years.

Cloud Computing

Remote execution of tasks via internet services.

Cloud Storage

Remote file storage accessed through the internet.