Avian and Exotics chapter 1 & 3

Research that advances fundamental knowledge

Basic research

Research that uses existing knowledge to solve a specific biomedical problem

Biomedical Research

Research that builds on the knowledge gained from basic and applied research

clinical research

The factor in an experiment that is deliberately changed or manipulated (experimental group receives this)

Independent Variable

A substance or treatment with no active effect, used as a comparison ("Fake" medicine)

Placebo

Environmental or external factors like housing, diet, or handling

Extrinsic Variables

The group or subject that is kept under normal or unchanged conditions

Control Group

Variables that originate within the subject, like species, age, or genetics

Intrinsic Variables

The measured outcome in an experiment that is affected by another factor

Dependent Variable

Generally refers to any companion animal other than dogs and cats

exotic animals

any animal used in research or teaching

lab animals

nearly all medication used in exotic and lab animal medicine

off label/extrilabel use

predisposing factors such as species, age, gender, and heredity

intrinsic factors

The government agency that oversees the use of animals in education or research institutions

USDA

The main federal law governing the sale, handling, transport, and use of animals

Animal Welfare Act

The guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals was written by

ILAR

oversees institutional investigations into research misconduct

IACUC

institutional group that inspects facilities and evaluates animal use protocols

IACUC

organization that provides voluntary accreditation of biomedical research facilities

AAALC

using procedures that cause the least amount of stress, pain, or disturbance to the animal

refinement

What are the 3 Rs of research

replacement, reduction, refinement

2 of the most active animal liberation groups in US

PETA and Animal Liberation Front

This group believes animals have rights equal to human rights and should not be used for any human benefit; they often oppose euthanasia, animal testing, and ownership

Animal rights groups

This group supports public laws regaurding animals and believe they must be upheld; examples include USDA and AVMA

Animal control groups

This group believes animals exist for human use and are considered property; may support cockfighting or similar practices

Animal exploitation groups

This group works to improve the human treatment of animals and support protective legislation; often operate shelters or rescue groups

Animal welfare groups

This group believes animals should not be used by humans in any way and may take radical actions to free them

Animal liberation groups

This group supports human use of animals for food, fiber, sport, or companionship; believe in responsible care and minimizing suffering

Animal use groups

creates a testable statement based on observations

hypothesis

record everything and analyze results

gather data

careful monitoring & recording of behavior and conditions using the senses or instruments

observations

Plan SOP's, models, and personnel

Design an experiment

Who is responsible for writing the hypothesis and experiment plan

principle investigator

designs research experiments

PI

Advances procedures and animal nursing

LATG

Entry-level assistant, cleans cages

ALAT

Certified lab animal veterinarian

ACLAM Vet

Experienced technician, supervises care

LAT

What organization offers certification exams for lab animal proffesionals

AALAS (American Association for Laboratory Animal Science

3 features of proper animal facility construction

Waterproof and seamless; not damaged by regular use; easily sanitized

Two-door system, prevents traffic crossover

Double Corridor

For housing infectious animals; HEPA filtration

Containment

Requires showering, sterile clothing, airlocks

Barrier

Simple one-door access, high risk of contamination

Conventional

3 conditions that must be kept constant in an animal facility

Temp, Humidity, Lighting

What is a primary enclosure

the place where animals can move in their own

What material used for cages is lightweight and inexpensive, but less durable

aluminum

what material used for cages has 3 different types; may be clear, autoclavable, or lightweight

plastic

what material used for cages has the strongest material but is expensive; rust-free and easy to clean

stainless steel

The type of cage that is designed to separate urine and feces for specimen collection is

metabolism cage

this type of cage has no food or water

transport cage

this type of cage has a long stacked on top of each other often used for rats or mice

shoebox cage

what is a common shape of feed trough for rodents

V-shaped

What is a common shape of food trough for rabbits

J-shapped

What is a type of watering system

Automatic watering system

What law requires strict documentation and animal sourcing protocols

Animal welfare act

What is a purpose-bred animal

an animal bred specifically for research purposes

What is a random sourced animal

an animal obtained from shelters or other sources

why is quarantine important before usinf an animal in research

helps prevent disease

what does "axenic" mean

animal contains no microorganisms

What biosafety level do ebola viruses fall under

Level 4

what biosafety level do soaps and animal vaccines fall under

level 1

what biosafety level does mycobacterium tuberculosis fall under

level 3

what biosafety level does risk of disease with PPE fall under

level 2

3 components of personal health and safety for lab animal workers

immunizations, routine screenings, must be report animal bites and scratches