Interpersonal Final

three communication models

action(one-way), interaction (two-way with feedback), transaction (simultaneous, co-created)

where meaning comes from

meaning is created by people, not words; shaped by interpretation and context

High self-monitor

Adjusts behavior to fit social situations

low self-monitor

communicates more authentically, less adaptable

human needs of communication

physical, relational, identity, instrumental needs

channel-rich communication

many cues (face-to-face)

channel-lean communication

few cues (text, email)

content dimension

literal meaning of message

relational dimension

signals about relationship, emotion, power

metacommunication

communication about communication

communication accommodation theory

we adjust communication to converge or diverge from others

individualistic culture

values autonomy & personal achievement

collectivistic culture

values group harmony & loyalty

low-context culture

direct, explicit messages

high-context culture

indirect messages relying on context & nonverbals

masculine culture

achievement, competition, material success

feminine culture

nurturing, cooperation, quality of life

low uncertainty avoidance

comfortable with ambiguity

high uncertainty avoidance

prefers rules, structure, predictability

self-concept

stable set of predictions about who we are

how self-concept develops

social comparison, biology, feedback from others, culture

self-fulfilling prophecy

prediction that causes behaviors making it come true

face theory

managing fellowship, autonomy, and competence face needs

johari window

model of self-knowledge: open, hidden, blind, unknown

perception

making meaning from our environment

perception process stages

selection>organization>interpretation

attribution theory

explaining behavior as internal or external causes

fundamental attribution error

overestimate internal causes of others’ behaviors

self-serving bias

attribute successes internally, failures externally

overattribution

using one characteristic to explain a person’s entire behavior

forces shaping perception

culture, stereotypes, emotions, physical state, social roles

selective memory bias

remembering info supporting beliefs; forgetting contradictory information

four language rules

phonological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic

communication climate

emotional tone of a relationship

confirmation theory

we seek messages that confirm our self-concept

you-statement

blames or criticizes

I-statements

expresses feelings responsibly

nonverbal channels

facial displays, eye behavior, gestures, touch, vocalics, smell, space, time, appearance, artifacts

expectancy violations theory

reactions occur when behavior differs from expected norms

six functions of nonverbal communication

reinforce, substitute, contradict, complement, regulate, express emotion

nonverbal encoding

ability to send clear nonverbal messages (expressivity)

nonverbal decoding

ability to interpret others’ nonverbal cues (sensitivity)

listening styles

people-oriented, action-oriented, content-oriented, time-oriented

stages of effective listening

hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding

equity theory

people seek balanced benefits & costs in relationships

informational listening

listening to learn

critical listening

listening to evaluate/judge

empathetic listening

listening to understand feelings

why we don’t listen effectively

noise, info overload, rapid thought, preoccupation

listening barriers

pseudolistening, selective attention, glazing over, rebuttal tendency, closed-mindedness

primary emotions

joy, anger, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust

secondary emotions

combinations of primary emotions

emotion vs mood

emotions = brief; moods = lost-lasting

display rules

cultural rules for expressing emotions

emotional contagion

emotions spread from person to person

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions

emotional communication skills

label emotions, reappraise, own feelings, use empathy

dual-process theory of supportive messages

support works through cognitive processing + emotional response

attraction theory

attracted by appearance, proximity, similarity, complementarity

uncertainty reduction theory

we seek information to reduce uncertainty about others

predicted outcome value theory

we pursue relationships expected to be rewarding

social penetration theory

relationships deepen through breadth & depth of self-disclusre

self-disclosure

revealing personal info; requires trsut

norm of reciprocity

disclosure tends to be matched

relational stage model

initiating> experimenting> intensifying> integrating> bonding

dialectical tensions

openness/closedness, autonomy/connection, novelty/predictability

rewards & costs

benefits vs drawbacks in relationships

investment model

commitment shaped by satisfaction, alternatives, investments

relational maintenance behaviors

positivity, openness, assurances, tasks, social networks

workplace communication characteristics

formality, hierarchy, power difference

friendship communication characteristics

voluntary, between equals, based on liking

romantic relationship communication

commitment, interdependence, relational rules

Fitzpatrick’s marital schemata

traditional, interdependent, separate

what makes a family

Genetic ties OR legal ties OR role behaviors

Family communication patterns

conversation orientation + conformity orientation (consensual, pluralistic, protective, laissez-faire)

elements of conflict

interdependence, incompatible goals, scarce resources, interference

what determines power

resource control, expertise, social, position, personal traits

relational turbulence theory

transitions cause uncertainty & emotional upheaval

demand-withdraw pattern

one demands; the other avoids> toxic cycle

passive aggression

indirect expression of hostility

gottman’s four horseman

critcisim, contempt, defensvieness, stonewalling

five conflict styles

competing, avoiding, accommodating, compromising, collaborating

deception definition

intentional transmission of false information

falsification

lying outright

omission

leaving out important details

equivocation

using vague/ambiguous language

exaggeration

overstating the truth

truth-default theory

people tend to believe others unless suspicion is triggered