Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

This set of flashcards covers essential vocabulary related to the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including key concepts, definitions, and processes.

What is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll?

Photosynthesis

What is the membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Thylakoid

What is a stack of thylakoids within the chloroplasts that aids in capturing light energy?

Granum

What is the light-independent reaction in photosynthesis that converts CO_2 and other compounds into glucose?

Calvin Cycle

What are the small openings on plant leaves that allow for gas exchange, including the intake of CO_2?

Stomata

What is the series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons to produce ATP?

Electron Transport Chain

What is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH in the cytoplasm?

Glycolysis

What is the series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix where acetyl CoA is oxidized, resulting in ATP, NADH, and FADH_2?

Krebs Cycle

What is the movement of protons across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP?

Chemiosmosis

What is the metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?

Fermentation

What type of fermentation converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide, usually performed by yeast?

Alcoholic Fermentation

What type of fermentation converts pyruvate into lactic acid, typically occurring in muscle cells during oxygen deprivation?

Lactic Acid Fermentation

What is the green pigment found in plants that captures light energy for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

What is the coenzyme involved in photosynthesis, where NADP^+ acts as an electron acceptor and becomes reduced to NADPH?

NADP+/NADPH

What is the coenzyme involved in cellular respiration, where NAD^+ accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH?

NAD+/NADH