STUDY GUIDE- Chapter 4 and Salem Witch Trials Quiz

the first formal attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union

an intellectual revolution in 18 th century Europe and America that elevated reason, science, andlogic (also called the “Age of Reason”)

Enlightenment

preachers or ministers, often traveling beyond one church, who enthusiastically promote the Christian gospels to gain new converts

Evangelists

the first war that started in the colonies and spread to Europe; England fought against France and France’s Native American allies; war was fought on three continents and England won on all three continents; (also called the Seven Years’ War)

French and Indian War

the 1688 bloodless overthrow of English King James II in favor of William and Mary

Glorious Revolution

a Protestant religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized each person’s urgent need for salvation by God and encouraged a return to religion and a sense of equality.

Great Awakening

words or actions that violate the beliefs of the Christian church

Heresy

French Calvinist dissenters from that country’s dominant Catholic religion (French Protestants)

Huguenots

an English law passed in 1750 that prevented the colonies from establishing their own forges to prevent Jesuits-manufacturing in the colonies

Iron Act

priests who aimed to convert Native Americans to Catholicism

Jesuits

privately held, for-profit, corporate venture colonies

Joint Stock Colony

a conflict between Britain and Spain that then spread when France side with Spain (also known as the “War of Jenkins Ear” and the “War of Austrian Succession”)a conflict between Britain and Spain that then spread when France side with Spain (also known as the “War of Jenkins Ear” and the “War of Austrian Succession”)

King George’s War

the economic philosophy/policy during colonial times in which the colonies existed to benefit England; the role of the colonies was to be dependent on England

Mercantilism

an army of amateur soldiers, put together in time of need

Militia

an English law passed in 1732 to limit the import of molasses from non-British colonies

Molasses Act

rights that people have simply because they exist

Natural Rights

an English law that required the colonies to only use English ships to conduct trade and which

prevented the colonies from producing goods that England wanted to sell to them

Naviagation Act

an English law issued by King George III that made it illegal for American settlers to live west of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War to prevent more violent clashes between settlers and Native Americans

Proclamation of 1763

a colony granted to an individual or small group who managed and governed the colony

Proprietary Colony

the nickname of the British soldiers, so called becuase of their official uniform of bright, red jackets

Redcoats

a colony that is the property of the crown and under direct control of the monarch

Royal Colony

the British government policy in the colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were loosely enforced and colonial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government and contributed to the economic profitability of Britian through mercantilism.

Salutary Neglect

not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body; non-holy

Secular

an agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits and the obligation of government and subjects

Social Contract

crimes against the government

Treason

ended the French and Indian/Seven Years’ War: (1) Franch gave England all its territory between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio River Valley); (2) France gave England the Spanish territory of Florida

Treaty of Paris 1763

(person) an American thinker, printer, and politician who embodied the experimental spirit of the EnlightenmentJohn Locke

Benjamin Franklin

(person) a British philosopher and major Enlightenment thinker known for his emphasis on the power of human reasoning and of people’s natural rights

John Locke

(person) an English preacher who toured the colonies and played a major role in the great Awakening

George Whitefield

(person) a NY printer whose trial in the 1730s challenged prevailing restrictions on the press, including the definition of libel, and helped establish the concept of the freedom of the press

John Peter Zenger

(person) Virginia militia leader who fought led English colonist against the French in the Battle of Fort Necessity at the start of the French and Indian War

George Washington

(person) Ottawa Chief who attempter to unite Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley/Great Lakes region against the British after France lost the French and Indian War

Pontiac

(person) the English army general who led the English troops to victory against the French in North America during the French and Indian War before being killed by the Native American fighters

Edward Braddock

(place) the last port city developed in the 13 colonies because of the large increase in colonial trade in the 18th century

Baltimore

(place) the French Fort Duquesne was captured by the British during the French and Indian War and was renamed Fort Pitt by the British (located in present-day Pittsburg, Pennsylvania

Fort Duquesne/Fort Pitt

(place) the location of the first battle of the French and Indian War in Western Pennsylvania in 1754

Fort Necessity

(place) the region France, Britain, Spain, and Native Americans fought for control of during the French and Indian War

Ohio River Valley

(place) the capital of New France that was captured by the English during the French and Indian War, leading to France’s defeat in the war

Quebec

(place) sit of a massive revolt of enslaved Africans in 1739 that resulted in the passage of even more strict slave laws

Stono River, South Carolina

After 1720, the American colonies expanded to most of the territory between the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains and the population came to include a larger number of non- English people and a variety of ethnic and religious groups

Overview…

(1) heresy and (2) treason

The “Crimes” of Witchcraft

(1) Tituba and the “possessed” teenage girls; (2) tensions betweenSalem Town and Salem Village; (3) wide-spread fear of witchcraft and the devil; (4) accusations of 9 names in the “Devil’s Book”; (5) teenage boredom; (6) spectral evidence; (7) contaminated rye?

Causes of the Hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials

• Mostly young girls

• Mostly from SALEM VILLAGE

• Mostly of the poorer community

ACCUSERS in the Salem Witch Trials

• mostly women

• mostly from SALEM TOWN

• mostly older and wealthier

ACCUSED of the Salem Witch Trials

(1) Witches unable to come into contact with water (not being able to cry, “swimming a witch”); (2) Devil’s Mark; (3) Owning pets; (4) Performing “magic”; (5) Being a woman (76% of the accused in Salem); (6) Family members who had been accused; (7) lack of being “Christian” enough

“Signs” or “Evidence” of Witchcraft.

(1) 200 people accused of witchcraft; (2) deaths of 24 people (including 20 that were executed-19 by hanging and 1 by pressing; and 4 that died in prison); (3) to avoid execution, 50 people falsely confessed to being witches; (4) many people were excommunicated from the Church and had their lands and property confiscated, including Rev. Parris

The Outcome of the Salem Witch Trials

(1) people have a right to a fair trial; (2) accused persons are innocent until proven guilty by the courts; (3) freedom of religion; (4) separation of church and state

Lessons of the Salem Witch Trials

 An intellectual and philosophical movement

 Emphasized logic, reason, and science

 Key people included John Locke, Thomas

Hobbes, and Montesquieu

 Led to an increase in thinking and education

 Emphasized a sense of equality and democracy

 Influenced the Founding Fathers and the

American Revolution

 Started in Europe and spread to the colonies

 Also called the “Age of Reason”

 Included the ideas of the Social Contract and Natural Rights

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

 A religious revival movement

 Emphasized emotions and feelings

 Key people included Jonathan Edwards and

George Whitefield

 Led to an increase in thinking and education

 Emphasized a sense of equality and democracy

 Influenced the Founding Fathers and the

American Revolution

 Included “fire-and-brimstone” sermons about

sinners, hell, and repentance

 Stressed the ideas of a direct and personal

relationship with God

 Led to the creation of new religious groups and universities in the colonies

GREAT AWAKENING

(1) charter/joint stock; (2) proprietary; (3) royal (*eventually ALL the English colonies would become royal colonies*)

Types of Colonies

Louisiana/New Orleans (French); Nebraska (English); Tennessee (English); Kentucky (English); Alaska/Western Canada (Russian)

Areas of Exploration

ended the Seven Years’ War; France lost all its land east of the Mississippi River in North America to England; Spain lost Florida to England

Treaty of Paris 1763

(1) increased birth rate; (2) immigration; (3) Atlantic slave trade

Causes of Population Growth

(1) farming (90% of all colonists were farmers; New England grew subsistence crops, Middle Colonies grew grain; southern colonies grew cash crops like tobacco); (2) fishing; (3) trade/merchants; (4) limited manufacturing

Economics of the Colonies

(1) men in charge of the external affairs (money/business/interactions); (2) women in charge of the household and children; (3) the arrival of Europeans forced many Native American families to adopt more traditional ideas about families; (4) many European men had married Native American women, especially in New France; (5) family stability was very important to all colonial families but especially for Black families, who were often enslaved in the colonies and could be separated and prevented from being legally married

Colonial Families

(1) Stono Rebellion; (2) King George’s War (aka War of Jenkin’s Ear or War of Austrian Succession); (3) French and Indian War (aka Seven Years’ War); (4) inter-colonial conflicts (New Jersey/Hudson River border)

Violent Conflicts

 Two dominant themes of the 18 th century colonies were expansion and change

 The presences of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a greater diversity in

the colonies which was enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the Enlightenment ideas.

 In the 18 th century, the colonists began to develop a more “American” identity because of the policies

of salutary neglect

 Colonists were unhappy about issues involving territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and

trade restrictions (at the end of the 18 th century, many colonists felt British actions were being done TO

THEM instead of FOR THEM)

 Competition for global dominance led to conflict on a large scale between Britain and France

o Ultimately ended in a total victory for the British Empire in North America

 But at the expense at which this victory was won, and the challenges of managing such

new, vast holdings, meant that the Seven Years’ War brought unforeseen

complications for Great Britain

 Achieving victory in the French and Indian War did NOT solve Imperial Britain’s problem so much as it

gave them an entirely NEW set of problems

o As the British sought to organize and manage their new and larger North American empire,

they often found themselves at cross-purposes with either (or both) colonists and Native

Americans.

SUMMARY