whole science unit s1

name the planets in our solar system in order

name the planets in our solar system in order

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

what is the criteria to be a planet?

• large enough to be spherical

• orbit must be cleared of all nearby debris

• cannot be a satellite of another body

what is the criteria for a moon?

• a body that makes an orbit around a planet

• can have water, a thick atmosphere, or none

what is a star?

any object that is big enough to ignite the fusion of elements in its own core due to the gravitational pressures inside of the object itself

what are the features of a comet?

• rocky core

• icy outer shell that makes a “tail”

• orbits the sun

• elliptical orbit

what is an asteroid?

• rocky object that orbits the sun

• smaller than a planet

• mostly found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

what is a meteor?

a bright streak of light in the sky caused by a small piece of rock or metal from space burning up as it passes through Earth's atmosphere at high speed

what is a meteoroid?

small rocky or metallic body in outer space

what is a meteorite?

a meteor that hits the Earth and is too small to be detected (shooting star)

what is the sun?

the sun is a giant ball of gas (hydrogen and helium) that produces heat and light

Accuracy

how close the measurements are to the 'true' value.

Analyse

find meaning or relationships and identify patterns, similarities and differences.

Conclusion

a general statement of the trend or outcome of the result, mentioning the independent variable and using data as evidence

• state if the results support or refute the hypothesis

• state what the results mean

Control
(Experimental control)

the experiment set up without the application of the independent variable. The Control may also be referred to as the comparison.

Controlled variable

a variable that is kept the same (remains constant) during an investigation.

Dependent variable

the variable that is measured. It changes in response to the independent variable.

Experimental Group
(Test group)

the group of subjects/conditions that receive the experimental treatment or application of the independent variable being investigated.

Hypothesis

if the Dependent Variable depends/is affected by the Independent Variable, then the Dependent Variable will increase/decrease/stay the same when the IV increases/decreases.

Independent variable

the variable that is changed by the scientist, to see what affect it has on the dependent variable.

Investigation

a scientific process of answering a question, exploring an idea or solving a problem that requires activities such as planning a course of action, collecting data, interpreting data, reaching a conclusion and communicating these activities.

Reliability

the extent to which repeated observations and/or measurements taken under identical circumstances will give similar results.

Variable

a factor that can be changed, kept the same or measured in an investigation e.g. time, distance, light, temperature.

Independent variable

the thing that is changing in the experiment

Dependent variable

the thing that is measured in the experiment

Controlled variables

the things that are kept the same in the experiment

hypothesis

a statement which is testable, includes the IV and DV and is directional and contextual

mistake

when you incorrectly follow a method

experimental error

when there is a problem with the method meaning that there could be an error in your results

repetition improves…

the reliability of the results

better equipment improves…

the accuracy of the results

Structure of DNA

DNA is a molecule that is thin and long and is a structure called the double helix, where two chains or "backbones" twist around eachother. When stretched out, the molecule looks like a ladder, where each "rung" is made up of bases pairs.

Function of DNA

Stores genetic information and is the blueprint for all living things

Name the 4 different nucleotides in DNA

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain hundreds to thousands of genes

Genes

A section of DNA that provides instructions to amino acids for building a specific protein, and can also determine an organism's traits. It is also genetic information that can be passed down from generation to generation through inheritance.

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Base pair

Two joined bases that are complementary, either A-T or G-C

Where is DNA found in cells?

Nucleus

Some ways that genetic variation can occur in a population

Mutation, reproduction or mating

Amino acids

The small molecules that join to make proteins

Describe each phase of mitosis

The chromosomes in prophase condense and the nucleus breaks down.
In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them.
In anaphase, the spindle fibers contract and pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell, and the cell stretches.
In telophase, the chromosomes split into two new nuclei.

X linked recessive

Affected mother must have affected sons (because dad gives Y chromosome + mum only has faulty copy)

X linked dominant

Affected father must have affected daughters

What are nucleotides made of?

Phosphate, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

Draw a nucleotide

Allele

Different versions of the same gene

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an allele

Phenotype

The physical quality of the allele

Mitosis

The process of cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair

Meiosis

The process of cell division for gamete production

How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity (other than crossing over)?

Independent assortment where maternal and paternal chromosomes are assorted independently into gametes, creating new chromosome combinations.

Describe the outcome of crossing over

Increased in variation in the gametes, which occurs due to exchange in genetic material between chromosomes making unique combinations of alleles.

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis has one set of phases, whilst meiosis has two. Mitosis has a result of two daughter cells, which are genetically identical to eachother and the parent cells whilst meiosis results in four daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to eachother or parent cells.
Chromosomes pair up and cross over in metaphase 1 for meiosis, whilst it does not in mitosis.

How many chromosomes does a human have?

46 chromosomes or 23 homologous pairs

what is the mass of the subatomic particles

protons and neutrons - 2000, electrons 1

reactivity in relation to group and period

Metal reactivity decreases from left to right across periods and increases down groups. nonmetallic characteristics increases from left to right and decreases down groups. Nonmetal reactivity increases from left to right and decreases down groups.

smaller atomic radius means stronger attraction

how do valence electrons relate to the position on the periodic table

how to calc atomic mass number and charge of atoms and ons

whats an isotopw with scientific notation atomic number mass

describe an example of the carbon cycle.

grass photosynthesises → cow eats grass → cow undergoes cellular respiration → cow dies and decomposes, releasing CO2→ plant takes in the CO2 or they are burned as fossil fuels, restarting the cycle.

describe photosynthesis

Process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesise foods with the help of chlorophyll, producing oxygen as a byproduct.

describe cellular respiration

Process where cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

describe the biochemical reaction of photosynthesis in terms of inputs and outputs

CO2 + H2O → O2 + glucose

carbon + water → oxygen + glucose

describe the biochemical reaction of cellular respiration in terms of inputs and outputs

oxygen + glucose → carbon + water + ATP

O2 + glucose → CO2 + H2O + ATP

What are some human (anthropogenic) processes that change the amount of carbon in the atmosphere?

burning of fossil fuels, deforestation

what is biosphere

the areas or regions of the Earth where living organisms can be found- all ecosystems

what is hydrosphere

aqueous envelope of the Earth, including bodies of water and aqueous vapour in the atmosphere

what is geosphere

the solid components of Earth, including the lithosphere, crust and upper mantle

what is atmosphere

the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth or other planets, held in place by gravity, and comprising the air or climate of a particular place.