Bio 30 - Cell Division

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50 Terms

1

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)

<p>period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)</p>
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2

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

<p>stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions</p>
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3

S phase

chromosome replicate and DNA synthesizes

<p>chromosome replicate and DNA synthesizes</p>
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4

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

<p>The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.</p>
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5

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

<p>Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms</p>
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6

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

<p>second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell</p>
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7

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

<p>Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell</p>
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8

Telophase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

<p>phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin</p>
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9

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

<p>division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells</p>
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10

Haploid

cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

<p>cell having only one complete set of chromosomes</p>
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11

Diploid

cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

<p>cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number</p>
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12

functions of mitosis

embryonic development, tissue growth, replacement of dead cells, repair of injured tissues

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13

function of meiosis

sexual reproduction

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14

Stages of Mitosis

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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15

Stages of meiosis

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

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16

Difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

In Meiosis I, DNA is replicated and cross over occurs; in Meiosis II, chromosome replication does NOT occur. I results in 2 haploid cells, II results in 4 haploid cells. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

<p>In Meiosis I, DNA is replicated and cross over occurs; in Meiosis II, chromosome replication does NOT occur. I results in 2 haploid cells, II results in 4 haploid cells. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.</p>
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17

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

<p>Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure</p>
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18

crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. Occurs during the Prophase of Meiosis I.

<p>Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. Occurs during the Prophase of Meiosis I.</p>
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19

spindle fibers

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules

<p>help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules</p>
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20

histomes

the protein that the DNA strands winds up around

<p>the protein that the DNA strands winds up around</p>
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21

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

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22

sister chromatids

joined copies of the original chromosome

<p>joined copies of the original chromosome</p>
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23

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

<p>Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell</p>
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24

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

<p>threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes</p>
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25

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

<p>Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached</p>
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26

what undergoes crossing over?

Homologous Chromosomes

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27

From one spermatogonia how many sperm cells do you get?

4 Sperm Cells

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28

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells. Contain double the count of chromosomes as Gametes.

<p>Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells. Contain double the count of chromosomes as Gametes.</p>
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29

Gametes

Sex cells. Contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

<p>Sex cells. Contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells</p>
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30

Nondisjunction

An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.

<p>An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.</p>
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31

Meiosis I nondisjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate

Gamete w/ 24 chromosomes has both paternal and maternal pairs. Results two gametes that lack one chromosome and two gametes with two copies of one chromosome

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32

Meiosis II nondisjunction

knowt flashcard image
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33

tumor suppressor genes

A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.

<p>A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.</p>
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34

Cell that has its tumor suppressor cell deactivated and has become immortal

Cancer cell

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35

recombinant chromatids

chromatids with a combination of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, formed by crossing over and chiasmata in meiosis.

<p>chromatids with a combination of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, formed by crossing over and chiasmata in meiosis.</p>
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36

trisomy 23 (XXY)

Klinefelter syndrome

<p>Klinefelter syndrome</p>
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37

Trisomy

a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.

<p>a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.</p>
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38

Trimsomy 18

Edward's Syndrome

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39

Trisomy 21

condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome

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40

Trisomy 13

Patau syndrome

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41

alteration of generations

The alteration of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal.

<p>The alteration of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal.</p>
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42

identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

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43

fraternal twins

twins who come from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

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44

Monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

<p>Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number</p>
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45

Carcinogen

A cancer-causing substance, An agent that effects the genetic make-up of the cell.

<p>A cancer-causing substance, An agent that effects the genetic make-up of the cell.</p>
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46

Telemeres

DNA at the tips of chromosomes

<p>DNA at the tips of chromosomes</p>
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47

Karotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

<p>A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs</p>
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48

independent assortment of chromosomes

The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis.

<p>The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis.</p>
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49

synapsis

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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50

reduction division of meiosis

Reduces chromosome number from 2n to n

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