Unit 5/6

French Revolution:

• Causes: Social inequality, financial crisis, political discontent, and Enlightenment ideas.

• Effects: Overthrow of the monarchy, rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas across Europ

Haiti Revolution:

• Who Revolted: Enslaved Africans and Afro-Haitians.

• Unique Aspect: It was the only successful slave revolt in history, leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republi

Latin American Revolutions:

- Causes: Influence of Enlightenment ideas, dissatisfaction with colonial rule, and inspiration from other revolutions.

- Leader: Simon Bolivar was a prominent leader in the liberation movements.

- Political Effects: Independence from European colonial powers and the establishment of new republics in Latin America.

Enlightenment:

- It promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, inspiring movements like the French and American Revolutions.

Scramble for Africa:

- It was the rapid colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Berlin Conference:

- It was a meeting between European powers in 1884-1885 to establish rules for the colonization of Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continentwork by

Sepoy Rebellion:

• Causes: Cultural insensitivity, religious tensions, and discontent with British rule.

• Effects: Strengthened British control over India and led to the end of the East India Company's rule

Industrial Revolution:

- Effects: Urbanization, technological advancements, socioeconomic changes, and the rise of capitalism.

- Capitalism: An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and market-driven allocation of resources

Differences in Industrialization

- Russia: Russia's industrialization was slower compared to Western Europe due to factors like the vast size of the country, the serfdom system, and the focus on agriculture. Industrialization accelerated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries under government-led initiatives.

- Japan: Japan experienced rapid industrialization during the Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century. The government implemented modernization policies, adopted Western technology, and invested in infrastructure, leading to Japan's transformation into an industrial powerhouse

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Karl Marx:

a philosopher, economist, and political theorist known for his critique of capitalism. He advocated for socialism, a socio-economic system where the means of production are owned collectively by society, aiming for a classless society based on equality.

Socialism:

advocates for collective ownership and democratic control of the means of production. It aims to reduce social inequalities and ensure fair distribution of resources, with the ultimate goal of achieving social and economic equality

Communism:

a political and economic ideology derived from Marx's ideas, advocating for a classless society where property is commonly owned, and each person contributes and receives according to their needs. However, in practice, it often led to authoritarian regimes

Adam Smith:

a Scottish economist and philosopher, known as the father of modern economics. His seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations," published in 1776, laid the foundation for classical economics. Smith emphasized the role of self-interest, competition, and the invisible hand of the market in driving economic prosperity.

Social Darwinism:

coined in the late 19th century, applying Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society. It justified social inequalities, arguing that some individuals or groups were naturally superior to others and thus more fit to succeed in society

Meiji Restoration:

a period of political, social, and economic transformation in Japan during the late 19th century. It marked the end of feudalism and the restoration of imperial rule, leading to modernization, industrialization, and the emergence of Japan as a major world power.

Ethnic Enclaves:

areas within a city or region where members of a particular ethnic group concentrate, often maintaining their cultural identity and social networks. These enclaves can facilitate integration into society while preserving cultural heritage.

Luddites:

19th-century English textile workers who protested against the industrialization and automation of their jobs by destroying machinery. The term "Luddite" is now used to describe anyone opposed to technological advancements or automation.

State-Building:

refers to the processes by which a government or political entity strengthens its institutions, infrastructure, and authority to govern effectively. It often involves centralization of power, establishment of legal systems, and creation of national identity.