KKK and White ctizens council

white racial organisation

• march 1956 , 100 congressmen and senators from the south sign the southern manifesto

  • it pledged to support segregation by an means

    • vast majority were in the democratic part which controlled congress till the late 50s

• when kennedy became president , they made i very difficult to pass black legislatio

White citizens council

• founded right after the brown ruiling

• held mass meeting and lobbied politicians

• little rock crisis

  • preventing 9 black students attending high schools

• membership peaked to 250k

• sponsored schools for white student

• subjected civil rights activists

• they were effective in forming southern politicians to oppose segregation , could prevent deferal government intervention

• by 1963 only 9% school duistricts in old south were desegration

KKK

• the bornw ruiling revitalised the Klan

• when montgomery busses were desegregated , Klan sent 40 carload of robbed , hooded members through montogmerys black communities

• offered a public image of white intimidation

• set fire to large crosses

• emmet hill murder ( missisipi 1955) for talking to a white girl

how did they persist in their activities

• bombing kings house in 1956 and his motel room during the Birmingham campaign

• some Birmingham policy officers were in the Klan

• bombing a Birmingham churches n 1964 ( 4 deaths )

• national attention

• shooting someone who participated in the Selma campaign