Hosa Chapters 1-6

Earliest known record of documentation of healing methods - 1600 BC.

The Pen T'sao - A native herbal recording of 365 drugs, written by the Chinese.

Father of Medicine - Hippocrates.

Father of Botany - Theophrastus.

Father of Toxicology - Mithridates.

De Materia Medica - Considered a major authority on drugs for 16 centuries, written by Dioscorides.

Father of Pharmacology - Dioscorides.

Twin brothers, Cosmos and Damien - The patron saints of pharmacy and medicine.

Separation of pharmacy and medicine - Occurred under the rule of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

Swiss-born physician emphasizing chemical orientation - Paracelsus.

First form of self-regulation of pharmacy - Called a guild.

Country using governmental controls to regulate pharmacy - Germany.

Changes during the Renaissance - Pharmacy achieved status as a profession.

Changes during the Renaissance - University education was required for pharmacists.

Changes during the Renaissance - Larger quantities of known drugs were imported.

Changes during the Renaissance - Pharmacopoeias were required only to list known effective medicines.

First hospital pharmacist in America - Jonathon Roberts.

Father of American Pharmacy - William Proctor.

Area of science pharmacists contributed the most - Chemistry.

Event(s) that started the industrial revolution in pharmacy - Both major wars and increased demand for medicinal products.

Advancements in pharmacy during the industrialized area, except - Genetic engineering.

Ebers Papyrus - Written around 1500 bc, contained formulas for over 800 remedies.

Early civilizations believed that caused disease - Bad spirits.

First pharmacy shop location - Baghdad.

Regulatory tool of the government during the Empiric Era - Pharmacopoeia.

Century pharmacy began to develop in the new world - 18th century.

Designated member in early civilizations for understanding spirits - Plants and other natural materials.

City where the science of drugs and organized pharmacy began - Babylon.

Galen - A Greek physician who was critical of those physicians who did not prepare their own remedies.

Arab world - The region looked to for the next major advances in pharmacy and medicine after the fall of the Roman Empire.

dosage forms - Examples include syrups, conserves, confections, and juleps.

monasteries of the Christian world - Repositories of learning in which ancient knowledge was acquired and preserved by monks.

Court Apothecary or Royal Apothecary - Provided pharmacy and other services to royalty during the Renaissance.

Benjamin Franklin - Started the first hospital in the United States in 1751.

Patient Care Era - Marked by an increased concentration on research and development into new medicines by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

pharmaceutical care - Concept established by C.D. Hepler that expands the role of the profession of pharmacy from dispensing to all aspects of drug therapy.

patient advocacy - The role of the pharmacist that creates an expectation by the patient for maximum outcome with minimal harmful effects from drug therapy.

Insulin - An example of a product that is now being produced by recombinant DNA technology.

gene therapy - May totally or partially cure a disease in the future by altering the genetic makeup of the patient.

William Proctor - Introduced 'control' into the practice of pharmacy in America.

document specifying drug forms - A document that specifies particular drug forms and compositions.

formulary - A list of medications and their formulations.

Philadelphia - The city where the first hospital in America was located.

laudanum - A mixture of opium and alcohol used as a tonic in the late 1800s.

20th century - The century in which academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies began to collaborate.

PharmD - The new entry-level degree for practicing pharmacists as of 2004.

1960s - The decade when standardized training for pharmacy technicians came about.

smallpox - The disease against which the first vaccine was established by Edward Jenner.

pharmaceutical care - A practice that involves providing care to patients regarding their medications.

Ancient Era - An era in which it was discovered that plants could be used for murders and cause adverse effects.

Empiric Era - An era in which pharmacies started to develop in the New World.

Industrial Era - An era when medicines were beginning to be mass-produced by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

Patient Care Era - The era in which the concept of 'pharmaceutical care' was developed.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering - An era in which some drug products could be biologically prepared.

Prescription label requirements - The legally required elements on the prescription label include pharmacy name, pharmacy address, patient's name, but not the patient's address.

Auxiliary labels - Labels used to emphasize important aspects of a dispensed medication for the patient.

Prescription content requirements - A prescription should contain the patient's name and address, directions for the patient, and the number of refills, but not the pharmacy name.

Refills on prescription - The number of refills allowed on a prescription in which the refill blank is not filled out is 0.

Importance of dating prescriptions - Dating of the prescription on the date filled is important in determining appropriate refill frequency.

Safety enclosure requirement - A container with a safety enclosure must be used unless the patient or prescriber requests otherwise, or if the drug dispensed is for a nursing home resident.

Filing methods for prescriptions - The least common method of filing the original prescription orders is microfilming.

Refills for noncontrolled medication - For a noncontrolled medication, an unlimited number of refills are allowed within a year.

Drug order label requirements - A drug order label does not need to include the medication number.

Prescription charge coverage - The charge applied to a prescription should not cover the cost of the ingredients.

Patient's address - The patient's address is not legally required on the prescription label.

Pharmacist consultation - A method that may be used to emphasize important aspects of a dispensed medication for the patient.

Writing in ink on prescription - An option that may be used to emphasize important aspects of a dispensed medication.

Brand name on prescription - An option that may be used to emphasize important aspects of a dispensed medication.

Number of refills - The number of refills allowed on a prescription can be 0 if the refill blank is not filled out.

Drug expiration determination - Dating of the prescription is important in determining drug expiration.

Pharmacy inventory control - Dating of the prescription can assist in pharmacy inventory control.

Physician prescribing habits - Dating of the prescription may help in understanding physician prescribing habits.

Patient name on prescription - The patient's name is required on a prescription.

Directions for patient - Directions for the patient are required on a prescription.

Number of refills on prescription - The number of refills is a required element on a prescription.

Lot number of medication - The lot number of medication is required on a drug order label.

Expiration date of medication - The expiration date of medication is required on a drug order label.

Drug order label - A label that includes information about a medication being dispensed.

Medication number - A unique identifier assigned to a specific medication.

Patient information - Details including the name and location of the patient receiving the medication.

Lot number - A number assigned to a batch of medication for tracking and quality control.

Expiration date - The date after which a medication should not be used.

Prescription charge - The fee applied to a prescription, which may include various costs.

Ingredients cost - The total cost of the raw materials used to prepare a medication.

Pharmacy staff time - The amount of time pharmacy personnel spend processing a prescription.

Refills - The number of times a prescription can be filled after the initial dispensing.

Inventory maintenance cost - The expenses associated with managing and storing medication inventory.

Prescription verification - The process of checking a dispensed prescription for accuracy.

Nurse - A healthcare professional responsible for patient care and medication administration.

Pharmacy technician - A trained individual who assists pharmacists in preparing and dispensing medications.

Physician - A licensed medical professional who can prescribe medications.

Pharmacist - A licensed healthcare professional who dispenses medications and provides patient care.

Schedule II drugs - Controlled substances that require a prescription and have a high potential for abuse.

Schedule III drugs - Controlled substances that may be prescribed but have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule II.

Schedule IV drugs - Controlled substances that have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III.

Schedule V drugs - Controlled substances that are generally considered to have a low potential for abuse.

Tapazole - A medication prescribed in a specific dosage, such as 15 mg daily in divided doses.

Inscription - The part of a prescription that includes the name and strength of the medication.

Amantadine prescription requirements - Specific details that must be included on a prescription for the drug amantadine.

Noncontrolled medication transfer - The process of transferring a prescription for a medication that is not classified as controlled.