APUSH Period 7 ID Terms - Baker

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

insurrectionist

a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions)

pander

(v.) to cater to or provide satisfaction for the low tastes or vices of others; to exploit weaknesses of others

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"; claimed that countries with sea power were the great nations of history. He believed the control of the seas, using a large navy, was integral to defense and supremacy on the world stage.

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas; the author of Our Country; an expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion; he saw the Anglo-Saxon race as trained by God to expand throughout the world and spread Christianity along the way.

condemn

to express strong disapproval of; denounce

John J. Pershing

American general who led troops against Pancho Villa in 1916, served in the Spanish-American War, and participated in the fight against the Ghost Dance Movement of the Sioux. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 and was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. When the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. He raided a train, kidnapped 16 American mining engineers, and killed them. The United States sent Gen. John J Pershing to capture him but he never was found.

Alice Paul

Suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist. Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that stated that Congress shall have the power to lay and collect income taxes.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Eighteenth Amendment

known as the "Prohibition Law" because it declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States.

Nineteenth Amendment

Guaranteed women the right to vote in 1920

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, avoiding both sentimental idealization and negative stereotypes. Had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

espouse

promote; take up; support

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age who belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers of the disillusionment-dominated era of the 1920s. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamor and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society

Albert Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. He revolutionized the way scientists thought about space, time, and matter. He helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb through the Manhattan Project

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. He developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line and greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who is the Father of Psychoanalysis that said that human behavior is irrational and studied the subconscious and the psychology behind sexuality; founded psychoanalysis

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to build support for the war effort in Europe among Americans on the homefront and censored anti-war material. It helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America through propaganda as well as motivate Americans to support war against the Axis Powers once declared

Richard Wright

African American author who wrote about racial oppression in his novels Uncle Tom's Children, Native Son, and Black Boy.

Native Son tells the story of an African-American struggling to live in Chicago, Illinois in the 1930s. His life however is doomed from the outset because of systematic racism endured by African-Americans.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who depicted the anguish of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl and wrote "The Grapes of Wrath", a story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Dorothea Lange

American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor. She depicted the anxiety and desperation of many Americans

Mary McLeod Bethune

An African-American educator and civil rights leader who became known for founding the Women's University in Florida. She was a member of FDR's "Black Cabinet" and was a close advisor to the president.

Civilian Conservation Corps

An integral part in FDR's New Deal; it was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for the unemployed. It recruited unemployed young men from urban areas to perform conservation work throughout the nation's forest, parks, and fields across the country.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. The agency also operated large arts, drama, media, and literary projects to maintain culture during the Depression.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

Keynesian economics

an economic theory that argued that in order for a nation to fully recover from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment consumption even if it was at a deficit

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed To reinforce American isolationism and to avoid European involvement; These laws prohibited the sale of war material to belligerent nations and forbade any exports to belligerents not paid with cash and carry on their own ships. It was to prevent the United States from being drawn into war because of loans and trades with the Allies.

Operation Overlord

The codename for the Battle of Normandy; The D-Day (June 6, 1944) attack of Allied troops on the coast of German-occupied Normandy in France; the attack succeeded in providing a foothold for further allied encroachment in France and in the invasion of Germany.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's 1942 executive order that authorized the War Department to remove any Japanese person from their homes. It forced them into internment camps causing loss of homes and businesses and it demonstrated xenophobia of Japanese citizens, even though they were Americans

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan that resulted in a U.S. victory and helped the U.S. regain control of the central Pacific

Battle of Iwo Jima

1945 World War II battle between the United States and Japan in which U.S. forces took a strategically important island on the Japanese coast. This was also the battle in which an Associated Press photographer took the world-famous photograph of the U.S. Marines raising the American flag on Mt. Suribachi

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist who published statistics about lynching and urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white-owned stores.

Atlantic Charter

Pledge signed in 1941 by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Lend-Lease Act

Legislation that gave FDR the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, or lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers as long as it was vital to American security. It was ultimately the abandonment of the neutrality policy

Office of War Information

A government agency, during WW2, that employed artists, writers, and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort