AP Chemistry-Chemical Reactions

precipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

double replacement reaction

a chemical change that involves an exchange of positive ions between two compounds

metathesis reaction

double displacement reaction

combustion reaction

a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light

endothermic change

the system absorbs energy from its surroundings

exothermic change

a change in which energy is released

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

acid-base reaction

a reaction where an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt

oxidation number

Positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable

oxidation-reduction reaction

a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants

Oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

single replacement reaction

a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound

oxidation half reaction

That half of a redox reaction where loss of electrons takes place. In this half, the oxidation number of the reactant atoms increases.

reduction half reaction

the "half" of an oxidation-reduction reaction involving reduction; the half-reaction in which electrons appear as reactants; balanced when each atom type, as well as the charge, is balanced

half-reaction

an equation showing either the oxidation or the reduction that takes place in a redox reaction

neutralization reaction

a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water

Molarity

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Solution Stoichiometry

A method of calculating the concentration of substances in a chemical reaction by measuring the volumes of solutions that react completely; sometimes called volumetric stoichiometry.

Solute

the substance that is dissolved

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Titration

process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution

titration curve

graph showing how the pH of a solution changes as acidic and basic solutions are added together

equivalence point

occurs when the moles of acid equal the moles of base in a solution

hydrogen ion (H+)

a positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron

hydronium ion

hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O(+)