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hormones
long distance chemical signals
where do hormones travel
travel thru blood or lymph
amino acid based hormones are
amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
steroid based hormones are synthesized from
synthesized from cholesterol and gonadal and adrenocortical hormones use it
up regulation
target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
down regulation
target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
neural stimuli.
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.
what are eicosanoids
considered a hormone by some scientists, but most consider it a paracrine
why are some cells able to respond to a specific hormone
target cells need specific receptors t whcih a hromone binds
oxytocin
strong stimulant of uterine contractions released during childbirth
hormonal trigger for milk ejection
positive feedback
ADH
hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations
targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
if concentration too high the ———— is triggered to secrete ADH
posterior pituatary
what do releasing/inhibiting hormones do
regulalte secretion of hormones
releasing hormones
hormon elevel is low, it releases more
inhibiting hormones
hormone slevel is high, inhbits the release of hormones
FSH
stimulates production of gametes
LH
promotes pproduction of goandal hormones
what happens with LH in females
release of estrogen and progesterone
in males what foes LH do
production of testosterone
TSH
stimulates normal development od and secretory activity of the thyroid
ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
prolactin
stimulates milk production in females
GH
stimulates most cells to enlarge and divide but major target are bone and skeletal muscles
what are the posterior pituatary hormones
ADH and oxytocin
what are the anterior pituatary hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, and GH
what are the peripheral Endocrine Organs affected by Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Adrenal glands, Gonads, Thyroid gland
what is the function of the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone is the body’s major metabolic hormone
Thyroid hormone affects virtually every cell in the body
Describe the effects of Thyroid Hormones on a target cell.
Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production
Regulates tissue growth and development
Maintains blood pressure
Describe the location of the receptors for TH.
TH enters a target cell then binds to intracellular receptors within the cells nucleus
Which nutrients are required to make Thyroid hormone
Iodine
Explain how hormones are transported from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary gland
Through portal circulation
Hypothalamus- releasing/inhibiting hormones, tells pituitary to release stimulating hormones
pancreatic hormones
glucagon and insulin
glucagon
Extremely potent hyperglycemic agent
Raises the glucose level of blood
Trigger by decreased blood glucose levels
Insulin
● Main effect is to lower blood glucose levels
● Also promotes protein synthesis for fat storage
adrenal gland hormones
aldosterone, cortisol, and epinepherine/norepinepherine
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
regulate electrolyte (mineral salt) concentrations in ECF; –main concentration is on Na+ and K+
most potent mineralocorticoid
○ Stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys
○ Stimulates K+ elimination by kidneys
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (catecholamines)
Fight or Flight reaction to short-term stressors
Catecholamines cause fairly brief responses to stressors
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol):
Influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors Keep blood glucose levels relatively constant
Maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
which hormone affects blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
when you have low calcium levels
PTH is secreted
when you have high calcium levels
PTH is inhibited
function of the thymus gland
Thymulin, thymopoietin, and thymosins may be involved in normal development of T lymphocytes in immune response
what are the signs of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyphagia
excessive hunger and food consumption
Polydipsia
excessive thirst
Polyuria
huge urine output
organs not responsible for endocrine secretions
heart
gi tract
thymus
kidneys
skin
adipose tissue
skeleton
what does ANP do to blood pressure
decrease blood pressure by allowing Na+(sodium) and water to flow out of the body in urine
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is
a cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure
blood
life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
characteristics of blood
Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
Color varies with O2 content
High O2 is scarlet red, low O2 is dark red
Makes up about 8% of body weight
average volume of blood for males
5-6 L
average volume of blood for females
4-5 L
what is the pH of blood
7.35-7.45
blood is the only
fluid tissue in the body
what type of tissue is blood
connective tissue
cells in the blood are living cells called
formed elements
what is the matrix of nonliving fluid called
plasma
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leuokocytes
whats the third cell in the blood that are parts of a cell
platelets
neutrophils deal with
bacteria, first responders
lymphocytes deal with what
virus, make antibodies and kill infected cells
eisoniphils are involved with what
parasites
monocytes
turn into macrophges
basophils deal with what
allergic reactions
hematocrit
percent of blood volume that is RBCs
percent of female RBC
42%
percent of male rbc
47%
wbcs and plateletrs are in the
buffy coat
plasma is on
the top
how much plasma in blood
55%
how much WBC And platelets in the blood
<1%
erythrocytes are on
the bottom
erythrocytes compose
45% of whole blood
functions of blood
transport, regulation, protection
Albumin
60% of plasma proteins, produced by the liver
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
Globulins
36% of plasma proteins, also produced by the liver
Transport proteins
Fibrinogen
4% of plasma protein, produced by liver
Forms fibrin threads of blood clot
function of albumin
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
what are the formed elements
rbs, wbc, and platelets
which cells are complete cells
WBC
which cells have no nuclei
rbc
what are platelets
cell fragments
where do blood cells originate
bone marrow
blood cells do
not divide
how long do the formed elements surive in the bloodstream
only for a few days
Where do formed elements come from?
Most blood cells originate in bone marrow and do not divide
Which organ stimulates RBC production?
Kidneys (some from the liver) release hormones which stimulate production of RBCs
neutrophils
Most numerous
Very phagocytic
“Bacteria slayers”
Kill microbes by process called respiratory burst granulocyte
lymphocytes
Second most numerous: 25%
Crucial to immunity
T Cells: act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B Cells: give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
agranulocyte
monocytes
largest: 3-8%
Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and
chronic infections
agranulocyte
eosinophils
2-4% of all leukocytes
Red-staining granules contain digestive enzymes
Also play a role in allergies and asthma
granulocyte
basophils
0.5-1%
Rarest
large, purplish black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Functionally similar to mast cells
granulocyte
which formed element is involved in clotting
platelets
first step in blood clotting
vascular spasm
2nd step in blood clotting
platelet plug formation
3rd step in blood clotting
coagulation
what is vascular spasm
vessel responds to injury with vasoconstriction
what is platelet plug formation
platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged
platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
platelet plug forms
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