2.3 Carbon Compounds

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56 Terms

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carbon

4 valence electrons, most versatile atom, makes organic compounds

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how many bonds can carbon form

four covalent bonds

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polymers

formed from monomers that can be same or different

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monomers

another word for molecules

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carbohydrates COMPOSITION RATIO

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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carbohydrates purpose

main source of "short term" energy for living things, also used to build bodies such as cellulose

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carbohydrates examples

starch, cellulose, pasta, sugar

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starches

extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates

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monosaccharides

monomers that form polysaccharides (carbohydrates), 3-7 carbon sugar

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monosaccharides EXAMPLES

glucose, galactose, fructose

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polysaccharides

polymers formed from monosaccharides

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polysaccharides EXAMPLE

glycogen, sucrose, lactose

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lipids

non-soluble in water, fatty acids for brain development, "long-term" energy storage, helps form cell membranes, waterproof coverings, ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL

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saturated fatty acids

solid at room temp, no double carbon bonds, maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

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unsaturated fatty acids

liquid at room temp, at least one double carbon bonds

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nucleic acids

macro-molecules contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, forms DNA and RNA

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dehydration synthesis

joins monomers to form polymers

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hydrolysis

separates monomers from polymers

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phospholipids

primary component of cell membranes, 2 fatty acids + phosphate group, hydrophillic and hydrophobic polar ends

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phosphate group

phosphorus + 4 oxygen atoms

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nucleotides

monomers that form the nucleic acid polymer, 5 carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base

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nucleic acid PURPOSE

store and transmit genetic/hereditary information

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nucleic acid EXAMPLES

DNA and RNA

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proteins DESCRIPTION

macromolecule with nitrogen + carbon + hydrogen + oxygen, polymers of amino acids, most diverse macromolecules

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amino acids DESCRIPTION

compounds with amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH) on each opposite ends and functional group, can be joined to any other amino acid

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protein PURPOSE

control rate of reaction, regulate cell purpose, form bone and muscle, transport substances in/out cells, fight diseases

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R-group

makes every amino acid different, is non-amino group attached to amino acid general structure (using Carbon or Hydrogen)

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amino acid GENERAL STRUCTURE

amino group + carboxyl group + R-group

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sucrose

glucose + fructose, store energy and transport carbon in plants

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three main elements of organic compounds

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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two elements sometimes part of organic compounds

nitrogen and sulfur

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molecular formulae

only give amount of atoms

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structural formulae

gives structure and amount of atoms

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functional group types EXAMPLES

ketone, aldehyde, and carboxyl

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aldehyde functional group

CHO, functional group joined to at least one hydrogen atom

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ketone functional group

functional group containing two carbon atoms

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polypeptide chain

amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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monopeptide

one amino acid

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dipetide

two amino acids bonded together

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lipids composition

glycerol+fatty acids

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glycerol

naturally occurring alcohol, consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, found on lipids

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protein primary structure

polypeptide chain

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protein secondary structure

helix or pleated sheet

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protein tertiary structure

3d shape of chain

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quaternary structure

multiple tertiary structures as subunits together

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monomer of protein

amino acids

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monomer of lipids

glycerol/fatty acids

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monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

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how many different amino acid combinations?

20

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monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotide

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DNA

store information for our body to function

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RNA

reads information from DNA (mRNA) to make protein via translation

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macromolecules

very large molecules

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how many valence electrons does carbon have

4

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functional groups

give chemical properties to amino acids, also known as the R-GROUP

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peptide bonds

covalent bond between amino acids