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carbon
4 valence electrons, most versatile atom, makes organic compounds
how many bonds can carbon form
four covalent bonds
polymers
formed from monomers that can be same or different
monomers
another word for molecules
carbohydrates COMPOSITION RATIO
1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
carbohydrates purpose
main source of "short term" energy for living things, also used to build bodies such as cellulose
carbohydrates examples
starch, cellulose, pasta, sugar
starches
extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates
monosaccharides
monomers that form polysaccharides (carbohydrates), 3-7 carbon sugar
monosaccharides EXAMPLES
glucose, galactose, fructose
polysaccharides
polymers formed from monosaccharides
polysaccharides EXAMPLE
glycogen, sucrose, lactose
lipids
non-soluble in water, fatty acids for brain development, "long-term" energy storage, helps form cell membranes, waterproof coverings, ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
saturated fatty acids
solid at room temp, no double carbon bonds, maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
unsaturated fatty acids
liquid at room temp, at least one double carbon bonds
nucleic acids
macro-molecules contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, forms DNA and RNA
dehydration synthesis
joins monomers to form polymers
hydrolysis
separates monomers from polymers
phospholipids
primary component of cell membranes, 2 fatty acids + phosphate group, hydrophillic and hydrophobic polar ends
phosphate group
phosphorus + 4 oxygen atoms
nucleotides
monomers that form the nucleic acid polymer, 5 carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base
nucleic acid PURPOSE
store and transmit genetic/hereditary information
nucleic acid EXAMPLES
DNA and RNA
proteins DESCRIPTION
macromolecule with nitrogen + carbon + hydrogen + oxygen, polymers of amino acids, most diverse macromolecules
amino acids DESCRIPTION
compounds with amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH) on each opposite ends and functional group, can be joined to any other amino acid
protein PURPOSE
control rate of reaction, regulate cell purpose, form bone and muscle, transport substances in/out cells, fight diseases
R-group
makes every amino acid different, is non-amino group attached to amino acid general structure (using Carbon or Hydrogen)
amino acid GENERAL STRUCTURE
amino group + carboxyl group + R-group
sucrose
glucose + fructose, store energy and transport carbon in plants
three main elements of organic compounds
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
two elements sometimes part of organic compounds
nitrogen and sulfur
molecular formulae
only give amount of atoms
structural formulae
gives structure and amount of atoms
functional group types EXAMPLES
ketone, aldehyde, and carboxyl
aldehyde functional group
CHO, functional group joined to at least one hydrogen atom
ketone functional group
functional group containing two carbon atoms
polypeptide chain
amino acids linked by peptide bonds
monopeptide
one amino acid
dipetide
two amino acids bonded together
lipids composition
glycerol+fatty acids
glycerol
naturally occurring alcohol, consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, found on lipids
protein primary structure
polypeptide chain
protein secondary structure
helix or pleated sheet
protein tertiary structure
3d shape of chain
quaternary structure
multiple tertiary structures as subunits together
monomer of protein
amino acids
monomer of lipids
glycerol/fatty acids
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
how many different amino acid combinations?
20
monomer of nucleic acid
nucleotide
DNA
store information for our body to function
RNA
reads information from DNA (mRNA) to make protein via translation
macromolecules
very large molecules
how many valence electrons does carbon have
4
functional groups
give chemical properties to amino acids, also known as the R-GROUP
peptide bonds
covalent bond between amino acids