AP Psych: Unit 5 Mental and Physical Health

Health Psychology

the study how physiological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical wellbeing

Stress

the arousal of the bodies physiological and psychological in response to a stressor

ex: heat pumping, fight or flight symptoms in response to a dog chasing you

Stressors

events or condtions that trigger stress by challenigng ot threatening and individual

Eustress

stress that motivates an individual and enhances performance

ex: exervise, weight training, AP Exams, all stress us to build up

Debililitating (distress)

negative response to overwhelming demands, potentially leading to anxiety, depression, and other health issues.

Levels of Stress

Daily Hassles: minor and regular irritations (hunger, traffic)

Significant Life Changes: major events that cause us to adapt

• new school, moving states, loss of a parent

Catastrophes: unpredictable and large scale, widespread

• war, earthquake

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

traumatic events experienced during childhood that can have long-lasting effects on physical and mental health.

General Adaptation Syndroms (GAS)

3 stage response to stress

• Alarm Phase - immidiate respnonse to stress where the fight or flighr reposonse is activated → increased energy, heart rate, cortisol goes up

• Resistance Phase - body attempts to maintain normal functioning despite the ongoing stress. elevated stress hormones and blood pressure

  • Exhaustion Phase - the final stage where the bodies resoucrces are depleted. leading to weakened immune function, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to illnes

Tend and Befriend Theory

This theory suggests that in response to stress, individuals, particularly women, may seek social alliances and engage in nurturing behaviors to cope with challenges.

Problem Focused Coping

directly managing or fixing the source of stressEmotio

Emotion Focused Coping

Managing the emotional response to stress

• regulating feelings, reducing distress

Positive Psychology

the study on the positive aspects of human experience, including well-being, positive relationships, and thriving.

Subjectgive Well-Being

an individual's overall assessment of their life and the quality of their experiences. It encompasses how people perceive and evaluate their lives, including their emotions, satisfaction, and overall sense of well-being

resilience

Ability to adapt and recover from challenges, maintaining well-being

Posttraumatic Growth

positive spcyhological changes as a result of struggling

ex: learning from failing a test → study better or earlier

Positive Emotions

feelings that enhance well-being, such as joy, gratitude, and love. These emotions can improve psychological resilience and overall life satisfaction.

Gratitude

the appriciation of valuable and meaningful things

→ enhances wellbeing

Signature Strenghts and Virtures

core charactersistics that a person naturally has and exhbits.
makes the person who they are “defining character”

ex:

• wisdom

• courage

• humanity

• justice

• temperance

  • transendance

Abnormal Psychology

the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and cognition (thought).

Clinical psychology

branch of psychology that focuses on assessing, diangosing, treating, and preventing behvioral and emotional disordersPsy

Psychology Student Syndrome

psychology studyents that study abonrmal behavior begin to self diagnose themselves

DSM-5-TR

comprehnsive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and catagorize mental disorders

ICR

global standard for diagnosing and cataforziing diseases and disorders (general)

Deviation

significant departure from social expecatrions and behavior

Distress

prolonged and intrense emotional suffering and lowers the ability to function

Dysfunction

distruption in cognitiver, emotional, or behavioral functioningthat significantly impairs daily life.

Stigma

negagtive stereotypes and social disproval at people with mental disorders

What are the different prespectives?
how does each one play a role into mental disorders?

Biological - genetic factors, brain damage, or chemical make up influence

Behavioral Perspectice. - mental disorers arise from maladapative beahviors ans associatrions

Psychoydtyamic - disorders come from unresolved conflicts and impulses

Humanistic - mental disords arrise when individuals innate potential for self fufillment is blocked

Cognitive perspective - mental dirders are caused by maladative thought patterns

Evolutionary perspectce - raise from bejaviors or mental procees that worked in the past

sociocvultural - mental disoprde4rs aris4 from maladaptice relationsiups

Eclectic Appreoach

combinig techniques or theories to appraoch and aid disorders

Diathesis Stress Model

psycholoical disorders arise from a presdisiposing genetic vulnerability with stressful eniromental factors

-genes → envirment → exhibit

anxiety disorders

mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear or anxiety, impacting daily functioning.

Specific Phobia

irrational and intense fear of a sisutation or object that distrupts daily functioning

• acro (height)

• Arachno (spicers)

• Agora (stuck)

Panic Disorders

Reccurent and unexepected panic attacks

Ataque de nervios

A culturally specific syndrome characterized by intense emotional distress, often triggered by stressful events, and may include symptoms like crying, trembling, and feelings of losing control.

Taikin Kyofusho

A cultural anxiety disorder prevalent in Japan, characterized by a fear of offending others or causing them embarrassment, often leading to avoidance behaviors.

Social Anxiety Disorder

significant fear of soscial situations

leading to avoidance

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent and exessive worry in general spects of life and is not specific to a triggert

Obessive Compulsive Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that an individual feels the urge to repeat.

Hoarding Disorder

difficulty discarding or aprting with poessions leading to accumilation and unusable living spaces

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

psychological distress following a traumatic ofr stressfulm event leading to hypervillagance etc

ex: PTSD ASD AD

Posttraumstic Stress disorder

emeotional stress after traumatic event

→ intrsuve memories (flashbacks)

• avoidance

• heightned reactrivirty

  • emotional numbness

Depreissive Disorders

characterized by being persistientysad, empty, irritable, physically and congitivley down

Major Depressive disorder

a severe form of depression involving persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, impacting daily functioning. Intense

Persistent Depressive disorder

a chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years, characterized by a consistently low mood and other depressive symptoms.

BiPolar Disorders

characterized by altering periods of mania and depression

II- is charaterized by at least one hypomaniac episode with one major depderessive disorder (less intense)

I - characterized by a major manic episde followed by hypomaniac and depressive disorders (full blown)

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

disorders starting in the developmental period and affect behavior, and learning

ex: ADHD and ASD

Attention Deficit hyperacitivty disorder

patterns of inattention, hyperacitivty, impulsivity

→ impaired learning, organization, that negatively affects academic and social functioning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a range of developmental conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, and communication.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

characterized by altered eating, consumption, and absorbtion of food

→ caused by hysiological, thoughts of food, and societal

Anorexia Nervosa

extreme restricted food intake because of the fear of gaining weight due to body dysmorphia and negative self image

Bulima Nervosa

recurrent episides of binge eating followed by extreme behaivors to acount for it (thrownig up, exesive exerise)

this leads to physical distress

Schizophernic Spectrum Disorder

a group of disorders characterized by disorganized thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and impaired functioning.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophernia

are the presence of abnormal behaviors, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech, that are not typically seen in healthy individuals.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophernia

refer to the absence of normal emotional responses and behaviors, such as lack of motivation, reduced emotional expression, and social withdrawal, which are typically present in healthy individuals.

Symptoms of Schizophernia

Delusions - false beleifs that are held strongly

Hallucinations - false sesnory experiences

Disorganized Thinking or Speech - incoherent or onsesnsical speech patterns

Disorganized Motor Behavior - abornal or erratic movments

Flat Effect - severe reduction i emotional expression

Dopamine Hypothesis

the theory that the symptoms of schizophrenia are related to an imbalance of dopamine in the brain.

Dissacociative Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by an involuntary escape from reality, typically involving a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory.

Dissaciative Amnesia

a type of dissociative disorder where a person cannot recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.

Dissociative Identity disorder

characterized by the presence of 2 or more personality or identites

Dissaciatvie Fugue

a subtype of dissociative amnesia that involves sudden, unexpected travel away from home, accompanied by an inability to recall one's past, often in response to stress or trauma.

Personality Disorderss

mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms, causing significant distress or impairment.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

comprise paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal disorders, marked by eccentric or odd behavior.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

characterized by distrust and suspicion

Type A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

is marked by a lack of interest in social relationships, emotional coldness, and solitary behavior.

Type A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

is characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior.

Type A

Cluster B Personality disorders

include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, often marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

is characterized by a disregard for the law and the rights of others, often resulting in manipulative or deceitful behavior, lack of remorse, and impulsivity.

Cluter B

Histronic personality Disorders

is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, often resulting in exaggerated expressions of emotions and a strong desire to be the center of attention.

Cluster B

Narcissistic personality Disorders

charatcterized by a perasive pattern of grandisoity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

cluster B

Borderline Personality Disorder

is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, as well as impulsive behaviors and a fear of abandonment.

Cluster C peronality Disorders

are marked by pervasive anxiety and fearfulness, including symptoms of avoidance, dependence, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies.

Avoidant Personality Disorders

is characterized by severe social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Cluster c

Dependent Personality Disorder

is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviors, as well as a fear of separation. Cluster C

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorer

is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility and efficiency. Cluster C

Deinsutionalization

refers to the process of reducing or eliminating the use of psychiatric hospitals or long-term institutional care for individuals with mental health conditions. It emphasizes community-based care and treatment instead of confinement in institutions.

Evidence Based interventions

are therapeutic techniques and practices that have been proven effective through rigorous scientific research and evaluation.

Theraputic Alliance

is the collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and a client, which is essential for effective therapy outcomes.

Cultural Humilitty

is an approach to therapy that acknowledges and respects the cultural identities and experiences of clients. It involves ongoing self-reflection and a commitment to understanding cultural differences in treatment.

Nonmaleficence

is an ethical principle in psychology and healthcare that emphasizes the obligation to avoid causing harm to clients. It ensures that practitioners prioritize client welfare in their interventions.

Fidelity

is an ethical principle that refers to the responsibility of therapists to be loyal, faithful, and maintain trust in the therapeutic relationship. It includes honoring commitments made to clients and ensuring confidentiality.

Integridy

is an ethical principle in psychology that emphasizes honesty, integrity, and adherence to ethical standards in practice. It involves maintaining professionalism and ensuring that clients receive truthful information.

Psychodynamic Therapies

refer to a range of therapeutic approaches that focus on unconscious processes and childhood experiences, aiming to enhance self-awareness and promote emotional healing. These therapies often involve exploring past conflicts and their impact on current behavior.

Free association

is a technique used in psychodynamic therapies where clients are encouraged to verbalize their thoughts freely and without censorship, allowing unconscious material to emerge.

Dream interpretation

is a therapeutic technique often used in psychodynamic therapy that involves analyzing the content of dreams to uncover unconscious desires, conflicts, and emotions that influence the individual’s behavior and mental state.

Person Centered Therapy

emphasizes creating a supportive environment in which clients can explore their feelings and achieve personal growth. The therapist provides empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness to facilitate the client's self-discovery.

Active Listening

is a communication technique used in therapy where the therapist fully concentrates, understands, and responds to the speaker, promoting a deeper understanding and connection during sessions.

Group Therapy vs Individual Therapy

Group therapy involves a therapist guiding multiple clients in a shared setting, focusing on interpersonal dynamics and shared experiences, while individual therapy centers around one-on-one sessions tailored to the individual's unique issues.

Cognitive Therapies

focuses on identifyung and changing negative thought patterns and beleifs

Maladaptive Thinking

Negative and irrational through patterns that cause distress and dysfunctional beahviorCongi

Cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic process aimed at identifying and changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and beliefs.

Cognitive Triad

The concept that describes the negative thought patterns related to oneself, the world, and the future, which contribute to depression and other mental health issues.

Applied Behavioral Analysis

a systematic approach to changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment, often used in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Exposure Therapy

a psychological treatment that helps individuals confront their fear or anxiety triggers in a controlled environment, aiming to reduce the emotional response gradually with each exposure over time

Systematic Desensitazation

a behavioral therapy technique that combines relaxation exercises with gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli, aimed at reducing fear responses.

Aversion Therapy

a behavior modification technique that uses unpleasant stimuli to reduce undesirable behaviors, often used in treating addictions or phobias.

Token Economics

a system of rewards and incentives used in various therapeutic settings to promote positive behavior and engagement, often involving tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or items.

Biofeedback

a technique that teaches individuals to control physiological processes by providing real-time feedback from devices measuring bodily functions, such as heart rate or muscle tension.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

a cogntive psychlogical therap that combines congitive and behaviral techniques to change thoughts and behaviors to get better are regulation and coping

Dialiectical Behavioral Therapy

a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that emphasizes balancing acceptance and change, often used for individuals with emotional regulation issues. It includes mindfulness, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness skills.

used for borderline

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

A cognitive-behavioral approach that focuses on challenging and changing irrational beliefs and self defeating attituds