MedTerm 8

stomach

An sac-like organ of the digestive system where the breaking down of food happens

Where is the stomach located?

left upper quadrant

pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

cardiac sphincter

A circular muscle located between the esophagus and the stomach

3 parts of small intestine in order

1. Duodenum, Jejunum, lleum

What occurs in the small intestine during digestion?

1. chemical digestion finalizes here, absorption of nutrients

Microscopic villi serve what purpose in the small intestine?

increase surface area of the small intestine thereby increasing absorption in the small intestine

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Parts of the large intestine in order

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

What is the role of goblet cells in the large intestine (AKA colon)

secrete mucus and this mucus acts as a lubricant for fecal matter as it passes through the colon

Where is the liver located?

right upper quadrant

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

organs that create chemicals that help the small intestines break down food

What are the functions of the liver?

1. stores nutrients until they are needed, filters and removes chemicals old blood, converts glycogen into glucose when the body's cells need energy, produces bile which digests fat in the small intestine

mouth

mechanical and chemical digestion occur here; food is broken down so it is able to fit down the esophagus

small intestine

Long hollow tube where most absorption of nutrients occurs

Where is the pancreas located?

behind the stomach

Functions of the pancreas

1. Digestive enzyme production, Produce insulin for blood sugar regulation

gall bladder

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

Where is the gallbladder located?

under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen

digestive system

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

liver

produces bile

rectum

stores solid waste

chemical digestion

breaking down food with acids and/ or enzymes

mechanical digestion

crushing, mashing or breaking down food

villi

small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that help absorb nutrients

Digestive system is also called the

gastrointestinal tract

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion means what?

intake of food and liquid

digestion means what?

breakdown of food

absorption means what?

movement of nutrients into bloodstream

elimination means what?

removal of waste from body

what are the two types of digestion?

physical and chemical

This organ is the major absorptive site of the digestive system.

small intestine

The major organs and structures of the digestive system can be divided into two categories:

1. alimentary canal, accessory organs

mastication

another word for chewing

the muscular organ in the mouth that aids in digestion

tongue

What aspect of the tongue aides in medication absorption in the mouth?

the underside of the tongue is highly vascularized

Teeth participate in this type of digestion

physical

salivary glands secrete this type of enzyme

amylase

Amylase breaks down what?

starch (AKA carbs)

What are the three salivary glands?

1. , Sublingual, Submandibular, parotid

Where are the parotid glands located?

anterior to ears

Where are the sublingual glands located?

under the tongue

Where are the submandibular glands located?

beneath the jaw

Where is the pharynx located?

back of throat behind the larynx and nasal cavities

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

1. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

What is the epiglottis and what does it do?

leaf like flap that closes down over the glottis during swallowing to ensure food/liquid don't go down the larynx

anorexia nervosa

condition involving self-deprivation of food and pathological weight loss

treatment for anorexia

team approach that includes medical providers, mental health providers and dietitians, all with experience in eating disorders

appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, caused by a blockage that results in an infection

treatment for appendicitis

treated with surgery and antibiotics

Where is the appendix located?

right lower quadrant, off the large intestine

what can happen if the appendix ruptures?

appendix can rupture and cause an abscess or systemic infection

Gorging with food and then purging

bulimia

treatment for bulimia

involves psychological counseling and sometimes medicines such as antidepressants

What is celiac disease?

an autoimmune disease in which people cant eat gluten because is damages their small intestine

What is the treatment for celiac disease?

lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet.

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

Scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs or a virus such as hepatitis

Is there a treatment to reverse cirrhosis of the liver?

No treatment will cure cirrhosis or repair scarring in the liver that has already occurred.

What are standard treatments for cirrhosis of the liver?

lifestyle changes, medications, and possible Liver transplant.

What is Crohn's disease?

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract.

What are treatments for Crohn's disease?

Medications such as steroids and immunosuppressants are used to slow the progression of disease. patient may require surgery.

What are treatments for dental caries

include fluoride, fillings, and crowns. Severe cases may need a root canal or removal

What is gastroenteritis?

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Gastroenteritis is also known as?

stomach bug

Treatment for gastroenteritis?

rest, hydration, anti-diarrheal meds

What does GERD stand for?

gastroesophageal reflux disease

What is GERD?

Backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus

How is GERD treated?

Elevate head of bed, Dietary modification, Weight loss, Medications to reduce acid in the stomach

Characteristics of Hepatitis A?

acute form, spread through food contaminated with feces of a person infected with Hepatitis, usuallly clears up on its own

Characteristics of Hepatitis B?

Chronic, Life-threatening, transmitted by blood or body fluids, usually during sexual contact or childbirth. The condition often clears up on its own.

Chronic cases of Hep B need what?

Chronic cases need medication and possibly a liver transplant.

Characteristics of Hepatitis C?

Chronic, transmitted by blood or other body fluids, usually through blood transfusion or through the use of illegal drug needles, potentially life threatening

How is Hep C treated?

Hepatitis C is treated with antiviral medications. In some people, newer medicines can eradicate the virus.

What is a hernia?

Protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally contains it

How is a hernia treated?

surgical repair

IBS stands for what?

irritable bowel syndrome

What are the characteristics of IBS?

A group of symptoms that includes diarrhea, bloating, cramping,and constipation associated with stress and tension.

How do we treat IBS?

dietary changes, stress management, some medications for anti-spasmodics for the intestines

peptic ulcer

A gastric or duodenal ulcer (open sore) caused by Helicobacter pylori Bacterium

How do we treat peptic ulcers?

usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If a bacteria is the cause, antibiotics may be needed.

What is ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcers

What are possible triggers for ulcerative colitis (UC)?

diet and stress

How do we diagnose UC?

stool sample tests, blood tests, colonoscopy, CT scan

How do we treat UC?

NSAIDs, steroids, surgical management if colon is damaged

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

consitpation

hard, slow stools that are diffcult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber or water in the diet

dehydration

fluid loss exceeds fluid intake

diarrhea

abnormally frequent elimination of loose or watery stools

dyspepsia

painful or difficult digestion, AKA indigestion

emesis

vomiting

eructation

release of gas from the stomach through the mouth (belching)

flatus

gas expelled through the anus (fart)

halitosis

bad breath that may be caused by dental, digestive or respiratory disease, can also be due to lack of proper dental care

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin and other tissues due to high levels of bilirubin, a yellow substance in bile

nausea

unpleasant sensation in the stomach that causes the urge to vomit

regurgitation

the return of swallowed food from the stomach

ulcer

pen sore or lesion of the mucous lining in a gastric organ, such as the stomach or esophagus

abdominal ultrasound

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves