WITH LEARN MODE Regional Science Assessments 2012-2022 excluding 2014 and including 2022 district

Regional Assessment 2015

N/A

Guessep Piazzi

Discovered the first asteroid Ceres

Haumea

this dwarf planet is watermelon shaped because of its rapid rotation, fastest spinning object

Amylase

an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars. is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals

Pepsin

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins, recognized in 1836 by the German physiologist Theodor Schwann. digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products.

Carboxypeptidase

pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion, hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. zinc-containing exopeptidases that remove single amino acids from the carboxyl end of oligopeptides

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine. a critical component for building and repairing tissue including bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.

Sartorius

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee, longest in human body, originates at the anterior iliac spine, allows us to cross our legs

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg. Makes up hamstrign group

tibia

shin bone

rectus femoris

extends knee and flexes thigh at hip. makes up the quadricep side with vastus medialis, lateralis, and intermedius

Gracillis

adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

ground tissue system function

photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection, found in all parts of plants

parenchymal tissue

Ground tissue comprises mesophyll and often contains high amounts of cholorplasts for photosyntheisis

sclerenchyma tissue

A rigid plant ground tissue composed of tough-walled fibers and sclereids, Used for support and protection

Collencyma Tissue

Used in regeneration

Hexokinase

The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. This is one of the main regulatory steps of this pathway. an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate.

Pedipalps

pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that are usually modified to grab prey. the secondary pair of forward appendages among chelicerates. helps sense prey

Chelicerates

Subphylum of arthropos, a lineage of arthropods that includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders

Chelicerae

pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey. Used in food acquisition and are also poison glands.

Mastodon

A large, extinct, elephant-like mammal. Large extended tusks, cusp shaped teeth. Pleistocene-aged mammals that are extinct due to man. Were born in pleiocene though. Mammoths also in the pleistocene age

Pliocene

It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. This follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. 5.3-2.6 mya

Eohippus

a transition fossil that demonstrates that the ancient horse is an ancestor of the modern horse, Equus.

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Desmosomes

Protein complexes that appear to randomly bind membranses of the adjacent cells together in a spot-like fashion. integrins bind cell to ECM and cadherins form these and connect cell- to cell

a-ketoglutarate

combine with nitrogen released in cells, therefore preventing nitrogen overload. is one of the most important nitrogen transporters in metabolic pathways. The amino groups of amino acids are attached to it (by transamination) and carried to the liver where the urea cycle takes place. Urea cycle produces urea from ammonia

acetaldehyde

an intermediate in alcohol metabolism; decreases the polymerization of microtubules thereby impairing protein secretion and favouring their retention

phosphoenolpyruvate

PEP, intermediate product of glycolosis, forms into pyruvate in last step

Endospores

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell such as Clostridium spp., and resists harsh conditions.

Capsules

This is a gelatinous outer layer secreted by bacterial cell and that surrounds and adheres to the cell wall. Most of these are composed of polysaccharides, but some are composed of polypeptides. are anti-phagocytic. They limit the ability of phagocytes to engulf the bacteria. This thing's smooth nature and negative charge prevent the phagocyte from adhering to and engulfing the bacterial cell.

Cell envelope

In a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx (a glycoprotein covering).

Keeling curve

a graph made over the span of 50 years by the Mauna Loa Observatory that shows the increase of carbon dioxide. Greatest evidence of the link between atmospheric carbon and climate change

ENSO

El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific. a recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Deepwater Horizon

Ultra-deepwater offshore oil drilling rig. In April 2010 an explosion on the rig killed 11 men and this rig sank, resulting in the largest offshore oil spill in United States history. Off the coast of Houston.

Deepwater Nautilus

an ultra-deepwater, semi-submersible offshore drilling rig in South Korea

Exxon Valdez

Oil tanker that crashed in March 1989, considered second largest U. S. oil spill, emptied 35,000 tons of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska

Batesian mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Cryptic coloration

Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.

Spontaneous & nonspontaneous reactions

- gibbs free energy= ? = Exothermic

+gibbs free energy=?+endothermic

Bose-Einstein Condensate

new state supposedly formed when absolute zero is reached or very nearly reached. Createded in 1995 by Cornell and Wieman. First theorized in 1920s, form of matter when super-cooled bosons drop down to their lowest quantum state

Fermionic Condensate

Super-cooled super-fluid of fermions; colder than BEC. Have some properties of fluids like gases and liquids

Quantum Spin Liquid

a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic properties

Degenerate matter

Extremely high-density matter in which pressure no longer depends on temperature, due to quantum mechanical effects. a highly dense state of fermionic matter in which the Pauli exclusion principle exerts significant pressure in addition to, or in lieu of, thermal pressure.

How to find molality of a solution

(how to find moles, grams/ATOMIC MASS of solute atoms)

Xylene

AKA dimethylbenzene. a mixture of three different structures of dimethyl benzene, aromatic hydrocarbon from wood tar

Toulene

AKA methylbenzene. a good solvent for paints and varnishes. Also found in external embalming sealers, lip cosmetics and cosmetic sprays. It is obtained from the bark of the South American tolu tree. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group. Used in paint thinners. Can become a strong explosive with addition of three nitro groups

Hydrazine (Apresoline)

Class: Vasodilator

Mechanism of Action: Directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle, resulting in peripheral vasodilation.

An oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion. N2H4. manufactured for use as rocket propellants and fuels, boiler water treatments, chemical reactants, medicines, and in cancer researc

Displacement

Distance and direction of an object's change in position from the starting point. - Vector quantity

How to calculate work done when raising an object

Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m) OR Work done = mg (∆ h)

How to calculate displacement

Hooke's law: F=-kx F=force or mg. k is constant and x is a displacement. force is directyl proportional to displacement

Refractive index

1/sin (c) c=critical angle, or n=c/v c= speed of light. a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium.

Critical angle equation

1/refractive index. The angle of incidence above which is necessary to achieve total reflection

How to find intensity of a sound

Sound power/area

Inductor

a solenoid, passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.

Rheostat

A variable resistor used to control current. Uses TWO terminals, and changes the resistance in a circuit without interruption of current

Neutron quark configuration

1 up quark and 2 down

Proton Configuration

1 down quark and 2 up quarks

Kaon (K meson) quark configuration

1 strange quark and 1 up antiquark

Photosphere

The inner layer of the sun's atmosphere. Sunspots are in this layer.

Chromosphere

The middle layer of the sun's atmosphere

convection zone

an inner layer which is unstable due to convection. Energy is primarily or partially transported by convection in such a region. Above the Radiative zone in the sun's inner layers

Spaceship Two:

Delayed by Virgin Galactic company test flight crashing in Mojave Desert. Could possibly offer the general public space travel but killed one pilot in accident

Orion Spacecraft

is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft to be used in NASA's Artemis program. designed to carry astronauts to destinations in deep space, including an asteroid and Mars.

Space Shuttle Columbia

2003: breaks up in atmosphere on way back over Texas on re-entry, killing entire crew

Antares space shuttle

First named Taurus 11. became the largest — and first — liquid-fuelled rocket to fly from Wallops Island, as well as the largest rocket launched by Orbital Sciences carrying the Cygnus Mass Simulator (a boilerplate Cygnus spacecraft) and four CubeSats contracted by Spaceflight

Great Dark Spot

a large, dark, oval-shaped storm on Neptune's southern hemisphere

Great White Spot

"storm in northern hemisphere" on saturn

St. Elmo's Fire

Observed by Julius Cesar and Pliny the Elder up and down ship masts. Occurs when luminous plasma is created by electrical discharge form a sharp object in an electrical field

heat lightning

Distant lightning that illuminates the sky but is too far away for its thunder to be heard.

ball lightning

a rare phenomenon that consists of a small sphere of electricity that seems to float in the air for several seconds

Ceylonite

Blue or grey to black varieties of spinel (hard, glassy mineral composed of aluminum and magnesium oxides)

Chalcopyrite

a yellow crystalline mineral consisting of a sulfide of copper and iron. It is the principal ore of copper.

Panthalassic Ocean

The great ocean surrounding Pangea

Tethys Ocean

ocean that existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia during the Mesozoic era before the opening of the Indian Ocean

Iapetus Sea

was an ocean that existed in the late early Paleozoic This was situated in the southern hemisphere, between the paleocontinents of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia. After Tethys and Panthalassic

Jacque-Yves Cousteau

Traveled the globe in his ship, Calypso. Invented Aqua-Lung and brought awareness to protecting water bodies

Craig Venter

He is known for leading the first draft sequence of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.

Sir Richard Branson

Owes his fortune to a conglomerate of businesses with the "Virgin" brand name (Virgin Galactic, Virgin Atlantic)

Paul Scully-Power

Australian-American oceanographer, technology expert and business executive. In 1984, while a civilian employee of the United States Naval Undersea Warfare Center, he flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-41-G as a Payload Specialist.

Leon Foucault

Created a pendulum that proves that the Earth rotates (precession)

Abscicic Acid (ABA)

inhibits growth; closes stomata during water stress; promotes seed dormancy and inhibits seed germination. Seed dormancy; seed germination

Auxin

a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth. Cell elongation; stimulates phototropism

Gibberellins

hormones that regulate stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. Stem elongation; seed germination. Class of tetracyclic acids

Ethylene

The only gaseous plant hormone. response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.

Mycobacteria

Gram positive bacteria that don't retaint the crystal violet stain well and cause Acid Fast - resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures.; fever, night sweats, wt loss, hemoptysis. causes tuberculosis

M. tuberculosis: TB, M. kansasii: TB-like sx

M. avium-intracellulare: AIDS

prophyl Azithromycin

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii Sx: rash on palms and soles (migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunk), HA, fever. Endemic to East Coast (in spite of its name).

Gluon

The force carrying-particle responsible for the strong nuclear force, which holds quarks together. Contrast with photons and the two gauge bosons, Z and W. Formed from an annihilation reaction of electron and antimatter particle alongside a gauge boson. a curly squiggly line on feynman diagrams. the Y is a photon

Avogadro's number

number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23

Combined gas law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

Typhoon Haiyan

This typhoon struck The Phillipines in south-east Asia in November 2013. category 5 storm one of the strongest recorded with 313km/h winds. strongest tropical cyclone to hit land anywhere in the world in recorded history. Killed over 6,000 people.

Typhoon Parma

was the second typhoon to affect the Philippines within the span of a week during September 2009. Impacted Caroline islands. Highest wind was 180km/h

2016 Regional Science

N/A

Hepatic duct

A duct that carries bile from the liver into the common bile duct which conveys it to the duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). bile is made in liver and stored in gall bladder

Cystic duct

Duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct; carries bile. A passageway for bile from the gall bladder to the pancreas etc. Goes straight into the gall bladder

Common bile duct

Also called the choledochus.a small, tube-like structure formed where the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join. Its physiological role is to carry bile from the gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum)

Hepatopancreatic duct

fusion of common bile duct and pancreatic duct straight into the duodenum of the small intestine

Brachialis

The strongest flexor of the forearm. Originates along the humerus. flexes forearm. the muscle between the bicep and the triceps

Brachioradialis

the muscle that connects the upper-arm to the forearm.

Biceps brachii

flexes elbow and supinates forearm. Above the brachialis. AKA biceps

club mosses

Phylum Lycophyta. the earliest group of seedless vascular plants