Bio II exam 2

Domain

Archaea , bacteria, eukaryotes

Kingdom

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

Prokaryotes

Single celled, no nucleus, no organelles

Domain bacteria

Common everyday bacteria, they are found everywhere

Phototrophs

Uses sunlight for food , ex)blue/green algae

Chemoautotrophs

Uses chemicals for food

Ex) sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Photohetertrophs

Consume its carbon source , uses sunlight

Chemoheterotrophs

Uses chemicals and it has to consume its carbon source

Domain Archea

Known as “The extremists”

Halophiles

Salt water lover’s, found in very salty environments

Thermophiles

Heat lovers , live in extremely hot environments

Cryophiles

Cold lovers, live in extremely cold environments

Methanogen

Anaerobic archaea that produce Methane as a metabolic byproduct

Anaerobic

Do not need oxygen , typically live deep under ground where there is no oxygen

Structure of bacteria

Cell membrane , DNA, ribosomes, cell wall, slime layer, biofilm , flagella , pili, endospores

Cell membrane

Made up of phospholipids

DNA

Single stranded , genetic code

Ribosomes

Make protein

Cell wall

Provide structure, protection and shape

Slime layer

Acts as a protective barrier, allowing bacteria to stick to surfaces and to substrates

Bio film

Also help the bacteria stick to things

Flagella

For movement

Pili

Still extensions off the cell membrane that are used for sticking together, sex Pili are used to exchange little bits of DNA to each other.

Endospores

Only rod shaped bacteria have these. It is a tiny resistant cist they are formed internally. They are dormant, meaning they are alive and hard to kill.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

1) bacteria can also absorb DNA from its environment

2)virus can injects viral DNA

3)conjugation- type of sexual reproduction. They think they will die so they join with sex pill to exchange DNA.

Asexual

Mitosis, prokaryotes fission , copies DNA

Some do this every 20 min, this can cause mutations and can exploit good habitats

Cocci

Sphere shaped

Streptococcus

Chains of circles, strep infection

Staphylococcus

Cluster of circles , staph

MRSA

Deadly, most common, spread by gyms and other sports

Bacilli

Rod shaped, only ones that have Endospores

Streptobacilli

Chains of rods ex)anthrax

Spicilli

Curves

Fibroids

Short curve, hard to see ex)Flesh eating bacteria

Spirillium

Cork screws, ex)Lymes disease

Gram staining

Uses two colors

Gram +

Absorbs both colors (less antibiotics needed)

Gram -

Absorbs only one color , tougher, more resistance (Needs stronger antibiotics )

Pathogens

Disease causing

Explode in growth

Some produce toxins

Tetanus

Contracted by rusty nails

Botulism

Relaxed, can get from canned food , produces neurotoxin. Ex) locked jaw

Some are old

Bubonic plague (Fleas on rats), leporsy

Same are new

MRSA- overuse of antibiotics, lyme’s disease, bulls-eyed shaped

Ones keep coming back

TB- spread by airborne , back from other countries

syphilis , chlamidia

Some are very common

Strep- very contagious , comes from hospitals

E.coli- in meat, spinach, onions and lettuce

Beneficial bacteria

cyano bacteria- produce o2 and bottom of food chain.

Probiotics- live bacteria, “good bacteria’’

Rhizobium- lives in soil

Decomposers- natures recyclers

Mutualism

Lichin and mycorrhizae

Lichin

Greyish, ruffles, leafy

Grows on trees. Sac fungi and cyano bacteria = pond scum

Grows on bare roots and tree branches

‘’Prisoners of succession ’’

Micorrhizae

Sac or club fungi and roots of plants

Plant diseases

Rusts and smuts-grows on green crops

Billions of money lost

Some species extinct

Uses pesticides

Animal diseases

Chytrids- killing frogs

Ex)white nose fungus - kills bats

Ex)fungus -killing rattle snakes

Human diseases

Athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm ,toe nail infection, swimmer ear, yeast infection, meningitis , pneumonia in brain

Lung infection

Histoplasmosis and valley fever

Toxins

Aspergillosis, calliopes purperea and LSD

Aspergillosis

Grows on corn, produces aflatoxins

Liver damage, liver cancer and sudden death

Calliopes purperea

Grows on rye

Hallucinations , convulsions and seizures

LSD

Penicillin- toxin kills bacteria

Food industry

Big money

Ex)truffles are $500/lb

Bread, beer, wine, cheese

MOST IMPORTANT FUNGI- DECOMPOSERS

Virus

Not alive

Has 2 parts

1) strand of genetic material

DNN and RNA

2)protein coat(rapid)

Different

Have 2 hosts

Ex)rabies , missals, HIV and monkey pox

Transmission

Airborne, coughing, sneezing , and contact

Treatment

Immune system fights it off, no anti-biotic

Anti-viral medication (Short window)

Vaccines-presentation

Ex)small pox- extinct in wild

Epidemic vs pandemics

Bird flu- H5N which was a possible pandemic

Replication cycle

has 3 parts

1) attachment

Attaches to host cell

2)penetration

Viral DNA or RNA enters the host cell

3)replication and synthesis

Host cell becomes a viral factory- makes viral proteins and DNA

Lytic

All steps happen quickly

Lysogenic

Stops after penetration

Virus joins with host dna

Lies dormant

TRIGGER REST OF STEPS

ex)herpes-cold sores, HIV, chicken pox-shingles , Bell’s palsy- side of you