Psychology memory and learning

No

Does the capacity of long-term memory change with age

Long

Capacity of _____ term memory is unlimited. There are no age-related changes with age. We are born with the capacity. Apparatus and storage size does not change

Organization

How we group information. Patterns of storage. We tend to group information together and categorize it into clusters

No

Are there age related changes in how information is organized in the long-term memory

Cluster size

When older and younger children were studied, it was found that _____ _____ change but the mechanisms of organizations were still the same

Yes

Are there differences in recognition versus recall memory with age

Recognition

Our older adults better at recognition or recall memory

Recognition

There are less rage related differences in this type of memory where you have to recognize something out of a list

Recall memory

There large are larger age-related differences when things have to be remembered without memory cues

Yes

Are there age-related changes with retrieval methods

Smaller; they haven't learned as many associations

In organization do younger children have smaller or larger clusters

Explicit memory

Are there more age-related changes in explicit or implicit memory

Implicit memory

Older adults still retain this type of memory which allows them to remember habits or procedures.

Implicit

We can test _____ memory by observing behaviors that were learned subconsciously. Another way this type of memory was tested was by exposing them to a word without them knowing they were paying attention to it and having them recall words that ended with the same letters at a later time

Yes

Are there age differences in explicit memory

Explicit memory

Conscious memory of facts or events. This type of memory shows clear declines with age

Explicit memory

Having adults memorize lists of words, then recall them at a later time. Tested this type of memory. Older adults performed more poorly than younger adults

Semantic memory

Do older adults show better retention of semantic or episodic memory

Semantic memory

Memory that involves general knowledge like vocabulary or facts. There are a few age-related changes associated with this memory

Episodic memory

A type of memory that is autobiographical or remembering past events and details associated with past experiences. This type of memory shows age-related changes

Semantic memory

The type of memory that would involve knowing that Chicago is the third largest city in the midwest

Episodic memory

The type of memory that would involve remembering an experience when traveling to Chicago

Standard young adults

A study was done that compared the memory skills of college professors as well as standard young adults and standard old adults. When the participants read a general story about a woman being robbed who showed the best memory of events

No

In the memory task about a standard story of a robbery, did expertise make a difference in recollection of events

Young

In the general information memory task the _____ adults outperformed the older adults with academic expertise

The professors

When college professors were compared with standard young and standard old adults on a task with academic information who performed the best

Yes

When the older professors had expertise on the subject being tested, did this compensate for their age

Yes

Is expertise domain specific

Expertise

Having _____ can compensate for age-related changes on certain tasks. It helps you to know what is important to remember and can help you tag existing knowledge base to what you're learning.

Expertise

This can help you maintain information, organize information, and recall information more effectively

Resistant

Stronger expertise made older adults, more __________ to age-related declines

Domain specific

Expertise is _______ ________. The professors only did better on their areas of specialty

Knowledge base

Having an existing ______ ________ on a topic greatly helps memory and comprehension as well as learning

Autobiographical memory

Memory of personal experiences

Late teens early twenties

From what time period did older adults have the greatest recollection of autobiographical events excluding the most recent few years

Most recent

The general trend and amount of words were called showed that there was a jump in memory around the late teens and early twenties as well as a large increase in the_______ _________ couple of years

Reminiscence bump

The peak in memories seen from the time of the late teens to early twenties.

Childhood amnesia

The term for how we remember very little from our childhood experiences

4 to 5 years

At what age of our childhood do we begin to remember our autobiographical memories later in life

Reminiscence bump

Psychologist theorized that the _____ _______ exists because in the early teens and twenties we have a lot of emotional arousal, lots of new experiences and we process information deeper. We tend to think more on those experiences and it is a time of lots of transitions

Cognitive account

The _____ _______ explanation of the reminiscence bump is that during our teens and twenties, we have lots of novel experiences and that we have a deeper level of processing including registering events more thoroughly, better encoding and stronger traces

Narrative account

Another explanation for the reminiscence bump is the ___________ ___________ we are forming our identity during the late teens and twenties and the sense of self is connected to our autobiographical memory

Self

Our sense of ________ operates on the encoding organization and retrieval of personally meaningful events

Autobiographical

The constructive process of ____________ memory is crucial for the development, expression and maintenance of the dynamic self-concept

Interconnected

Our memory in sense of self are _________

Memory

How we build our sense of self and who we are influences the experiences we encode and remember. Our sense of self shapes ________

Life script

How we talk, think about and summarize our life experiences the story we tell about our lives. This is shaped by our memory and our sense of self

Identity

Our _________ and autobiographical memory are entwined

Childhood amnesia

The term for how we remember nothing before the ages of 3 and 1/2 to 4

Social

Cultural conceptions of selfhood can affect our encoding memory as well as ________ interactions that influence memory

Western culture

These cultures often emphasize individualistic traits and parents talk to their children about past events, reminisce together and the mother prompts the child to remember personal experiences.

Parents

Children often recall what their parents emphasize and think is important. The conversations they have with their_______ influences what the child will remember and contribute to their sense of self. This is one way that culture can affect our sense of self

Culture

____________ affects who we are and what we think about for example, Americans emphasize events that are emotional, emphasize autonomy and Independence

Eastern culture

A culture that emphasizes collectivist principles. Parents often talk to their children about what has been done together. Emphasizes shared experiences that are more global in general unless emotional details

Culture

Autobiographical memory can differ based on _________

Strategies

Another change seen in memory is that we develop more advanced __________ with age

Rudimentary strategies

At young ages like 1 and 1/2 to 2-year-old children display__________ ________ like pointing to The hiding spot they are asked to remember or standing next to the location the hidden object is as to not forget

Rehearsal

Repeating information over and over to help recall it. This strategy is used sparsely among 5-year-olds a bit more and 7-year-olds and in almost all 10-year-olds

Rehearsal

In a study on objects that were visually similar, it was seen that 5-year-olds do worth for the visually similar items and better for the words with longer names because they don't use the strategy of_________

Rehearsal

In the experiment 10-year-olds did worse than 5-year-olds and remembering words with longer names because they had used the _________ strategy and it took longer to repeat the longer word objects

Organization

A strategy of grouping information into clausters to help remember it

Larger

Older children were more successful at the organization strategy because they were able to form ___________ clusters and therefore have less individual units to remember

Clusters

Storing information as ________ makes better use of our mental capacity

Recall

Better organization led to better ________ of the objects

5 to 6

Children in the experiment that were aged in the experiment that were aged________ did not organize the cards at all

Six to nine

Children aged ________ attempted to organize but had incomplete classification and had smaller piles. They drew tighter connections between the words meaning each unit had a smaller amount of information

10 to 11

Any experiment the children that were aged _________ were able to successfully group the cards based on categories. They showed the most complete organization and had the best recall

Elaboration

A strategy where you actively create meaningful links between items to be remembered like using a story to link items. This strategy is rarely used before adolescence because it requires speed and a knowledge base

Yes

Are there age-related changes in older adults and use of memory strategies

Varies

Research shows that older adults still know the memory strategies but their use of strategies ______

Speed

The cognitive ________ of older adults sometimes limits their abilities to use strategies quickly enough to help them with problems

Task

Older adults use of strategies depends on the ______.

Compensation

Older adults often use external memory aids and other methods of ___________ to help with their memory

Metacognition

Knowledge about the thinking process. How much we know about the thinking process

Meta memory

Awareness of our memory and memory strategies

Increases

Throughout childhood our metacognition ________ as we become more aware of how much and how well we remember

No

Does metacognitive ability change much with older age

Negative

Overall, do older adults have a more positive or negative outlook on their memory abilities

Underestimate

Do older adults tend to over or underestimate their memory performance when they are concerned about dementia

Good meta memory

If Vicky knows that she does not understand the material well for her test tomorrow, does she have good meta memory or poor meta memory

Yes; you may understand that you don't remember the information well

Is it possible to have poor memory and good meta memory

Meta memory

Having good _______ is usually linked to having better memory because you are more likely to develop strategies to help you remember and help overcome the deficits you are aware of

Overlaping waves model

The theory on problem solving strategies that believes at any given age. You have multiple strategies available to solve the problem. But as children you have more advanced strategies and older individuals have more advanced strategies

Frequently

According to the overlapping waves, model strategies are gradually strengthened and we begin to use new strategies more ________ as we develop them

Effort

According to the overlapping waves model, whether you use a more advanced strategy is based on cognitive________. For example, someone who is less motivated or tired may use a more basic strategy even though it's less effective

Advanced

According to the overlapping waves model, we developed new and more ________ strategies with age

Yes

Do older adults and problem solving strategies show differences from younger individuals

Younger adults, older adults are more limited because they have slower speed to activate certain strategies

Do younger adults are older adults have more strategies available

Longer

Older adults are more limited in their strategies because it takes them ________ to activate them

Less

Selection of strategies differs. In studies it was seen that there is a different frequency of usage and different strategies. Younger adults tended to picked out the more effective strategy, but older adults may have been more consistent in picking a similar strategy, even when ______ effective

Younger adults. They seem to benefit more from the same strategy

When using the same strategy who performed better younger or older adults