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What was humanism?
An intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements, inspired by classical Greek and Roman texts.
Who wrote The Prince and what was its main message?
Niccolò Machiavelli; it emphasized pragmatic, sometimes ruthless leadership.
What is a patron of the arts?
Wealthy individuals or organizations that financially supported artists, like the Medici family in Florence.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the New World after 1492.
How did the printing press impact Europe?
It spread ideas quickly, fueling the Renaissance and Reformation.
What was Martin Luther’s key criticism of the Catholic Church?
The sale of indulgences and corruption within the Church.
What agreement ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648?
The Peace of Westphalia.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation, including the Council of Trent.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A 1598 proclamation granting religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.
What role did Henry VIII play in the Reformation?
He broke from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Define absolutism.
A system where a monarch holds total power, often justified by divine right.
What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
The overthrow of James II, leading to a constitutional monarchy in England.
Who was Louis XIV?
The 'Sun King' of France who epitomized absolutism and built Versailles.
What did the English Bill of Rights (1689) establish?
Parliamentary supremacy and limited monarchy.
Who was Peter the Great?
A Russian tsar who modernized Russia and expanded its territory.
What is the heliocentric theory?
The idea, proposed by Copernicus, that the sun is at the center of the universe.
Who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
Isaac Newton.
What was the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of tradition.
Who wrote The Social Contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, advocating for the general will and popular sovereignty.
What is deism?
The belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene.
What caused the French Revolution?
Economic hardship, social inequality, and political corruption.
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A pledge by the National Assembly to create a new constitution.
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen state?
Equality before the law and protection of natural rights.
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period of radical violence led by Robespierre during the French Revolution.
What reforms did Napoleon implement under the Napoleonic Code?
Equality before the law, protection of property, and abolition of feudalism.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A period of technological and industrial growth starting in Britain.
What is urbanization?
The movement of people to cities due to industrialization.
What is socialism?
A political and economic system advocating for collective ownership of production.
Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
How did child labor affect industrial society?
It was common but led to eventual reforms due to harsh conditions.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting to restore European stability after the Napoleonic Wars.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The Prussian leader who unified Germany through 'blood and iron.'
What was the 1848 Revolutions?
A series of failed liberal uprisings across Europe.
What did the Crimean War reveal?
The weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire and the need for modernization.
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
A political scandal in France highlighting anti-Semitism.
What caused World War I?
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
The 1919 treaty ending WWI, blaming Germany and imposing reparations.
What was the Russian Revolution?
The 1917 overthrow of the tsar, leading to communist rule under Lenin.
What was the Great Depression?
A global economic downturn in the 1930s.
What was appeasement?
Britain and France’s policy of giving in to Hitler’s demands to avoid war.
What was the Cold War?
A period of ideological tension between the U.S. and USSR without direct conflict.
What was the Marshall Plan?
U.S. aid to rebuild European economies after WWII.
What is NATO?
A military alliance formed in 1949 to counter Soviet influence.
What was the European Union (EU) established for?
Economic and political integration among European nations.
What was the Berlin Wall?
A barrier dividing East and West Berlin during the Cold War.
What caused the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991?
Economic collapse, political reforms, and nationalist movements.
What role did Margaret Thatcher play in Europe?
As UK Prime Minister, she implemented conservative reforms and strengthened ties with the U.S.
What was the Maastricht Treaty?
A 1992 agreement that created the European Union.
What is the European Green Movement?
A push for environmental sustainability and conservation.
What is Brexit?
The UK’s 2016 decision to leave the European Union.
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