Infectious diseases

sports med 2 unit 1

How many reportable infectious diseases are there

68

who do we report infectious diseases to and why

health department

Doctors can use data to pick out the best vaccine and help stop the disease spread

who reports infectious diseases to the health department

physicians

Laboratories

School principals

Hospitals

Directors of institutions

what is infection control

A set of procedures used to help stop the spread of infectious diseases

What is the chain of infection in order

causative agent(pathogen)

Susceptible host

Portal of entry

Mode of transmission

Portal of exit

Source of reservoir

Infectious agent

pathogen

Something that has the possibility to make you sick

Typically a virus or bacteria

Susceptible host

a person who s at risk of getting an infectious disease from a pathogen

What are some examples of susceptible hosts

Kids-poor immune systems typically 12 and under

Pregnant women- baby is sharing mothers immune system

Immunocompromised- they already have a health issue Ex: cancer/diabetes

Elders/Geriatric- immune system isn’t as strong and possibly immunocompromised

Patients- easier to contract an illness while surrounded by it

Portal of Entry

How the disease enters the host

Why shouldn’t we touch out face

our mucus membranes make it easier to get a disease into the body because they have an opening and are moist

What are our mucus membranes

eyes nose mouth

Mode of transmission

how disease spreads from person to person

Direct(touching)

Indirect(touching an object and then someone else touches that object)

Airborne

Portal of exit

how disease leaves

What are some types of portal of exit

nose/mouth

Blood(blood borne pathogens)

Skin(staph infection)

Urine/feces

What are some types of blood borne pathogens

Hepatitis

Hepatitis B(HBV)

HIV

Reservoir

Any place where a pathogen can live and hide

What are some reservoirs

People(hands under the nails)

Animals

Equipment

Water

Infection

When you come in contact with something that you normally don’t touch and it makes you sick

Bacteria

Thrives in warm, dark, wet, and has a food source

Treated using antibiotics

Doesn’t need to be living

Single celled

Viruses

Needs to have a living host

Treated using antiviral

Ex: common cold, small pox, measles ,mumps, influenza, herpes, HIV, hepatitis

What are some examples of bacteria

strep throat

UTI

Tuberculosis

Staff

MRSA

Syphilis

Examples of viruses

measles

Chicken pox(can reoccur as shingles)

Common cold

Handwashing

Can use ABHS(alcohol based handsanitizer) or soap and water

When using ABHS make sure it stays wet for around 15 sec

Wash hands for 20 sec

When should you use ABHS instead of soap and water

when you don’t have access to soap and water

When are some times to be washing our hands

before handling, preparing, serving and eating food

After the bathroom

After coughing and sneezing

Cleaning

physically removing a material from a surface

Ex: dust, soil and secretions

How do we clean

use water, detergent and mechanical action

Disinfection

Inactivation of disease-causing microorganisms

How should you disinfect

Using an appropriately chosen chemical disinfectant

What are ways to break the chain of a causative agent

early recognition of signs of infection

Rapid accurate identification of organism

How can you break the chain of susceptible host

Treatment of underlying disease

Recognition of high-risk patients

Immunization to prevent disease

How can you break the chain of portal of entry

wound care

Catheter care

Medical asepsis

Standard precautions

How can you break the chain of transmission

standard precautions

Handwashing

Sterilization

Medical asepsis

Air flow control

Food handling

Transmission based precautions

Ways to break the portal of exit

standard precautions

Trash and waste disposal

Control of excretions and secretions

Handwashing

PPE(personal protective equipment)

Medical asepsis

Ways to break the chain of source of reservoir

Disinfection and sterilization

Environmental sanitation

Employee health

Standard precautions

Medical asepsis

Standard Precautions

Used for all patient care

Ex: Washing hands

PPE

Respiratory hygiene

Patient Placement

Handle/clean equipment

Laundry

How to handle injections

When should you take of PPE(except mask)

Inside of room and dispose of in a biohazard waste bin

Transmission based precautions

What type of PPE you need to deal with the type of transmission needed to spread illness

What are the types of Transmission Based Precautions

Contact Precautions

Droplet precautions

Airborne Precautions

Contact precautions

Clean hands

Gloves

Droplet precautions

clean hands

Mask

Eye/face protection

Airborne precautions

Clean hands

N-95 mask

Door of room is to remain closed

Don

putting on PPE

Doff

removing PPE

What are infectious diseases caused by

Microorganisms that cause harm in the human body

Give some examples of harmful microorganisms

bacteria

Viruses

Protozoa

Fungi

Body Substance Isolation(BSI)

how to deal with things infected with excretion from the body

Typically use biohazard bin for large bandages

Use sharps container for needles

Occupational safety and health department(OSHA)

establishes and enforces guidelines for sifters

Part of the US debt of labor

Center for disease control and prevention(CDC)

contains disease transmission

what are some ways of disease transmission

direct contact

Droplet inhalation

Puncture of contaminated needle

Bites

Blood transfusion

Contact with contaminated materials

What are some type of diseases

measles

Rubella

Mumps

Chicken pox

(All above are airborne)

What are some viruses

hepatitis B(HBV)

HIV

HBV

blood borne pathogen

Effects the liver

Live up to 7 days

Caused by contact with person

HIV

blood borne pathogen Effects

Effects immune system

Lives a few hours

Contact with patient

Can later turn into AIDS

Exposure control plan

Plan typically binder of what to do when exposed to an incident that puts someone in danger

What are some things that employers must provide

PPE

HBV vaccine

Cleaning schedule

Confidential medical evaluation/follow up

Procedures to handle regulated waste

What can you do when you don’t have a cleaner

mix bleach with water to a 1:9 ratio

This is only good the day you made it

Why is the sharps container locked and mounted to the wall

to prevent people (drug addicts) to getting to them and hurting themselves

What do we use for sharps when we are not in a hospital setting

use a portable sharps container and then place contaminated sharps in normal container when you get back

Bactericidal

Kills microorganisms

Used on ONLY non-living materials

Bacteriostatic

slows growth on skin/tissue

Ex: peroxide

what are some examples of PPE

Resuscitation equipment: pocket/bag valve mask and ventilation devices

Face mask HEPA

Gowns

Goggles

Face Shield

Mask HEPA

stands for High efficient particulate air respirator

Used for patients with or might have tuberculosis

Microorganisms

can be good or bad

Too small to see two main types pathogenic and nonpathogenic

Pathogenic

Harmful

Non -pathogenic

Good

Why can antibiotics be harmful

they can kill the non-pathogenic microorganisms so we take probiotics while on them

What do most microorganisms need to live

warm(body temp)

Dark

Food source

Moisture

May need oxygen

Aerobic

needs oxygen

Anaerobic

Doesnt need oxygen

Saprophytes

Live on dead

Parasites

live on living

Cocci

spherical

Bacilli

rod-shaped

streptococci

chains

Staphylococci

Grapes

Spirilla

spiral

Protozoa

larger than virus needs a living host

Ex: trichmonasis(STD)

Amebic dysentery

Malaria

Fungi

low form of plant-like life

Anti fungal to treat

Ex: athletes foot

Serious lung diseases

Yeast infections

Rickettsiae

bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mice

Humans get it by bite form infected carrier

Ex: typhus

Spotted fever

Rodent and insect control help prevent this

What are some ways that pathogenic organisms can effect the human body

produce toxins

Invade/destroy living cells

Violent allergic reactions

What does it mean for a pathogen to enter through the oral route

Enters through food/water that we intake through out mouth

Ex: polio

Hepatitis A

Salamonellosis

Typhoid fever

generalized

Effects the entire body

Localized

effects one area E

Endogenous

originates inside the body

Exogenous

originates outside the body

Nosocomial

Pathogen picked up in a health care facility

This is stopped by infection control programs

Opportunistic

infection that occurs when the body’s defenses are down or already occupied(Immunocompromised)

Salmonella

type of bacteria that causes food poisoning typically found in raw chicken

Spirochetes

really long and spiral shaped bacteria

Sterilized

made free from bacteria and microorganisms

Name some types of PPE

Resuscitation equipment

Face mask

Gowns

Goggles

Face shield

6 modes of transmission of infectious diseases

direct

Indirect

Airborne

Droplet

Vehicle-basically indirect

Vector borne- illness transmitted to human by an animal

What are the requirements of an exposure control plan

list of jobs/procedures in which you may be exposed to blood borne pathogens

Timeline/method of how to complete plan

Plan of how to handle exposure incidents

Plan for annual review and update

What must employees by trained about blood borne pathogens

modes of transmission

Principles regulating control of risk

Medical management of those who have been exposed to

Appropriate equipment cleaning techniques

Methods of using PPE

What are some ways to break the chain of infection

Washing hands

Cleaning and disinfecting

PPE

Immunization