Study guide- 5

D. hemipeza

A species that evolved in Hawai'i before the islands’ emergence, likely on older islands.

D. differens

A species of fruitfly that evolved after the emergence of the Hawaiian islands.

D. planitibia

A fruitfly species that evolved after the Hawaiian islands emerged.

D. heteroneura

A species of fruitfly that evolved much later after the more recent volcanic islands emerged.

D. silvestris

A fruitfly species that evolved much later alongside D. heteroneura.

Adaptive radiation

The process of evolution where new species evolve to fill different ecological niches.

Male cricket song

A key factor in mate attraction and species diversification among crickets.

Sexual selection

A mechanism that drives pre-zygotic reproductive isolation through mate recognition.

Synonymous substitutions

Genetic mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Nonsynonymous substitutions

Genetic mutations that change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Ka/Ks ratio

A measure used to determine evolutionary pressure by comparing rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions.

Molecular clock

A technique used to estimate the timing of evolutionary events based on genetic changes.

Cambrian explosion

A period of rapid diversification of animal phyla around 540 million years ago.

Biological species

A group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Speciation

The evolutionary process by which new and distinct species arise.

Reproductive isolation

A mechanism that prevents interbreeding between different species.

Sympatric speciation

The formation of new species in overlapping habitats.

Allopatric speciation

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation.

Vicariance

The geographic separation of a population due to a physical barrier.

Dobzhanski-Muller incompatibility

Genetic incompatibilities that arise during the divergence of two populations.

Homo erectus

An early human species with a smaller brain and more robust body structure compared to Homo sapiens.

Out-of-Africa theory

The hypothesis that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to populate other parts of the world.

Genetic data

Information used to trace human ancestry and support migration theories.

Neanderthal genome

Provides evidence of interbreeding contributing to modern human genetic diversity.

Phylogenetic reconstruction

A method used to trace the evolutionary history of organisms.

Homo naledi

An early hominin species with unique primitive and advanced features.

Heterozygote advantage

Increased survival of individuals carrying two different alleles, providing benefits like disease resistance.

Homo heidelbergensis

The common ancestor of Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Cystic fibrosis alleles

Genetic variants that persist due to heterozygote advantage.

Natural selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Mutations in HIV

Allow rapid adaptation of the virus to immune defenses and treatments.

Retrovirus

A type of virus that integrates its RNA into the host's DNA.

TRIM5α

A human protein hypothesized to have evolved to combat ancient retroviruses.

Within-host natural selection

Natural selection that occurs among viral variants within a single host.

Multi-drug treatment

A therapeutic strategy that reduces resistance by targeting multiple viral mechanisms.

Evolutionary processes

Mechanisms such as mutation and natural selection that inform treatment development.

Interbreeding implications

Contributed to genetic diversity in modern humans, enhancing immunity and adaptation.

HIV phylogenetics

The study of HIV's genetic relationships to track transmission patterns.

Ecological opportunities

New habitats that promote the emergence and diversification of species.

Geographic isolation

Separation that can lead to the evolution of distinct species.

Genetic diversification

The process where genetic variance within populations increases.

Adaptation to environments

Evolutionary changes that enhance survival in specific conditions.

Evolutionary advantage

A trait that increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

Phylogenetic insights

Information gained from examining the evolutionary relationships of species.

Resistance development in HIV

The virus's ability to adapt and evade treatments through mutation.

Evidence of hybridization

Genetic traces left in modern humans that result from interbreeding with other hominins.

Evolutionary biology

The study of how evolutionary processes shape the diversity of life.

Cultural traits of Homo sapiens

Features that distinguish modern humans through behavioral adaptations.