Chemistry Chapter 1 "The particulate nature of matter"

Book: https://dl.ibdocs.re/IB%20BOOKS/Group%204%20-%20Sciences/Chemistry/CAMBRIDGE/Chemistry%20-%20Steve%20Owen%20-%20Third%20Edition%20-%20Cambridge%202023.pdf

Element

Pure and chemical substance that consists of only one type of atoms and can’t be broken down into a simpler substance

Compound

Pure substance formed when 2 or more elements bond chemically

Mixture

Physical combinations of two or more substanced (elements or compounds) that are not chemically bonded

Homogeneous mixtures

Mixture that possess the same composition (phase) throughout the mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

Mixture that does not possess the same composition (phase) throughout the mixture

Examples of homogeneous mixtures

Rain, wine, steel, air, etc

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures

Salad, blood, cereal, ice in water

Chemical properties

How a substance behaves in a chemical reaction

Physical properties

All the other properties that a substance possesses besides chemically (Melting point, Odor, Color, Density)

Filtration

Separate insoluble liquid from solid or gas

Evaporation (Chemical process)

Remove solvent from the solution to leave the solute

Distillation

Separate solvent from solute

Solvation

Separate a mixture of two or more substances due to differences in solubility

Recrystallisation

Purify solids which contain relatively small amounts of impurities

The three (common) states of matter

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Typical traits of solids

Fixed volume, fixed shape, particles close together, regular arrangement, particles vibrate in fixed positions, strongest forces between particles

Typical traits of liquids

Fixed volume, no fixed shape, particles further apart, random arrangement, particles move around, weaker forces between particles

Typical traits of gases

No fixed volume, no fixed shape, particles far apart, random arrangement, particles move around in all directions, weakest forces between particles

0 degrees celcius in K

273.15 k

Absolute zero

0 k = -273.15 degrees celcius (lowest temperature possible)

Deposition

Gas to solid

Sublimation

Solid to Gas

Freezing

Liquid to Solid

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Melting

Solid to liquid

Evaporation

Liquid to Gas

Substances are solids if their temperature…

…below their melting point

Substances are liquids if their temperature…

…between their melting and boiling point

Substances are gases if their temperature is..

…above their boiling point

(s) (state symbol)

Solid

(g) (state symbol)

Gas

(l) (state symbol)

Liquid

(aq) (state symbol)

Aqueous (Dissolved in water)