NERDI

Blastocyst

Rapidly dividing ball of cells; inner group becomes the embryo

Blastula

Animal embryo at the stage where it's a hollow ball of cells

Chorionic Gonadotropin

Hormone secreted by the developing placenta during pregnancy and that have a gonad stimulating effect

Chorionic Somatomammotropin

Produced by placenta late in pregnancy

Cleavage

Series of mitotic divisions where egg cytoplasm is divided into nucleated cells

Colostrums

Earliest milk produced after birth

Dorsal Lip

Section of tissue in pregastrula that acts as a neural inducer

Ectoderm

Outermost layer of cells in an embryo

Endoderm

Inner most layer of embryo cells

Fertilization

Going of egg and sperm that can develop into embryo

Gastrula

Stage after blastula; cup shaped with 3 cell layers

Gastrulation

Development from blastula to gastrula

Germ Layers

3 Primary layers of embryonic cells (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Implantation

The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

Lactation

Production of milk to feed a newborn

Lanugo

Fine soft hair that covers the fetus or newborn

Mesoderm

Middle layer of gastrula

Morula

Solid ball of cells that forms into the blastula

Neural Groove

Shallow median groove of neural plate

Neural Tube

Hollow embryonic structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord

Noctochord

A flexible rod that gives the body support in most embryos it goes away when and a backbone grows in

Placenta

Tissue connecting uterus to umbilical cord, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

Accessory Sex Organ

Organs that assist in production of reproductive cells

Amnion

Inner most membrane that encloses the embryo

Cervix

Lowest part of uterus that connects to vagina - dilates for birth

Chorion

Outermost membrane surrounding embryo

Clitoris

Erectile female organ that assists in arousal

Corpus Luteum

Follicle remains after ovum is released (cyst)

Diestrus

Ovaries to have increased large follicles - last part of estrus cycle

Ejaculation

Release of semen/sperm by male

Ejaculatory Duct

Delivers sperm to urethra

Endometrium

Lining of uterus

Epididymis

Male sex gland where maturing sperm are stored

Estous Cycle

Cycle of fertility of female

External Fertilization

When sperm fertilizes an egg outside the female's body

Fallopian Tube

Connects ovary to uterus

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Body changes of puberty

Follicular Phase

Maturation of ovum

Germinal Epithelium

Layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary

Granulose Cell

Cells in ovary that produce estrogen and progesterone

Hysterectomy

Removal of uterus

Internal Fertilization

Fertilization of egg and sperm inside the female's body

Labia Majora

The larger outer folds of the vulva.

Labia Minora

The smaller inner folds of the vulva.

Luteal Phase

After Ovulation

Marsupial

Animal with pouch for holding developing offspring

Menarche

Beginning of menstruation (age of 1st menstruation)

Menstrual Cycle

Fertility cycle of female reproductive organs

Menstrual Phase

Loss of uterine lining

Menstruation

Bleeding as uterine lining is shed

Monotreme

Egg laying predatory mammal

Ovarian Follicle

Tiny sac in the ovary that contains an egg cell (ovum).

Ovary

Female reproductive organ that contains eggs, produces estrogen and produces progesterone

Oviduct

Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus

Oviparity

Animals that lay eggs

Ovulation

Release of an egg

Ovum

Egg

Plateau Phase

Phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds

Polar Body

A short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis

Primary Oocyte

Formed during embryonic development by mitosis to prophase of meiosis I

Primary Spermatocyte

Diploid cell derived from spermatogonium and can then begin meiosis

Prostrus

Preparatory stage for animal to come into heart (becoming fertile)

Prostate Gland

Surrounds urethra in men, produces seminal fluid

Scrotum

Sac containing testes

Secondary Oocyte

Ovum after ovulating prior to fertilization

Secondary Spermatocyte

Haploid sperm cells derived from primary spermatocytes

Secretory Phase

Lacteal phase of menstrual cycle when endometrium is stimulated by progesterone

Seminal Vesicles

Glands that produce fluid that will become semen

Seminiferous tubules

Tubules in testes where meiosis occurs

Sperm

Male sex cell

Spermatid

Made after 1st meiotic division of primary spermatocytes

Spermatozoa

Mature, motile male sex cell

Testis

Male reproductive organ where sperm is made

Urethra

Tube from bladder to outside

Uterus

Female organ where the fetus develops

Vagina

Tube from uterus to outside; birth canal

Vas deferens

Transports sperm to urethra

Vivparity

Live birth

Yolk Sac

Provides nutrition and gas exchange between mother and embryo prior to development of the placenta

Zygote

Fertilized egg

Neuron

Nervous system cell that sends and receives neurotransmitters

Interneurons

Transmits impulses between neurons

Effector

Type of neuron that signals an organ to respond

Axons

Part of neuron that transmits a signal

Schwann Cell

Glial cell that surrounds neurons and helps form myelin sheath

Na+ and K+ Ion Exchange Pumps

Enzyme in anime cell membrane that can move sodium or potassium ions across a membrane

Activation Gate

Channel gate that is closed at rest an opens when depolarization occurs

Inactivation Gate

Open at rest and closes slowly after depolarization

Chemical Synapse

Connects between 2 neurons or a neuron and non-neuron cell that uses a chemical to transmit a signal

Excitatory Synapse

A synapse that uses an action potential to trigger a response in the other cell

Reflex Arc

Neural pathway that controls a reflex

Nerve

Bundle of fibers that transmit impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles or organs

Motor (efferent) neurons

Neurons that send signals from body to brain

Neurotransmitters

Chemical signal between nerves or nerve to target cell

Synapse

Junction between nerve cells

Node

Area of where there is a gap in Myelin surrounding an axon - allow rapid conduction of inpulses

Internode

Space between nodes

Resting Potential

The charge of an inactive nerve membrane (-70mV)

Relative Refractory Period

Time after an action potential when a second action potential can be generated but required a greater stimulus to do so

Inhibitory Synapses

A synapse where activity from a neuron will reduce activity in the target neuron